4 DOCUMENT RESUME # , RD 110 361 . , 95 SAO 008 437 AUTHOR . Greer-Wootten, Bryn; And Others TITLE A Bibliography of Statistical Applications in Geography, Technical Paper to. 9. INSTITUTION Association of American Geographers, Washington; p.c. , Commission on College Geography. - . pPONS-AGnICY, National Science Foundation, 4ashington.D.C. f PUB.DATE 72 x NOTE , , 99p. te ',EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$4.43 PLUS POSTAGE DESC1IPTO1S, *Bibliographies; College Instr ction;. *Educational Research; .Educational Resours; Geographic Concepts; *Geography; *Geograpiq Instruction; Higher Education; InstrucV.onal Materials; *Statistical ,Studies; Statistics ABSTRACT .I z ,.Included in this bibliography are resource materials available to both college instructors, and students on statistical appli'cations in geographic.research. Two stages of Stati ical 'devielopmentlare treated in the 'bibliography. They are 1)descriptive( statistics, in which the sample is the focus of interest, vld analytical statistics, in which the' population is the primary interest. For each of the sections, a short introductory statement is Ilade concerning the general nature of problems investigated using that technique, where applicable. The bibliography treats 34 catego#es of geographic statistical concepts, such as measurement, set thory, geographic data, geography matrix, computer applications, sample designs and methods, descriptive' statistics, index" construction, analysis of variance, geostatisstics,point pattern analysis, among others. Not included in the' bibliography are references to Sample space, expected Values, random variables, population and sampling distributions. Entries are listed alphabetically by author, and include the title, source, number of- pages, date, and place of publication. (Author/JR) 4 r Cr! **;o**************************************************,**************-, Document's acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublidhed * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes, every effort M * to obtain the best copy, availabl. nevertheleSS, items-of marginal' * M reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality */of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * A. via the ERIC Document' Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for, the gUality of the oFiginal document. Reproductiohs * * supplied by,EDRS,are the best that can- die made from the originl. '* *************,********************************************************* 4 ... U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &WELFARE ' NAT INSTITUTE OF "BISULATICIN 1 THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO I DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED F ROM THE PERSONOR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN -, Al,IN9 IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS.? 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STITUTE OF EDUCATION FURTHER REPRO- DUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM RE- WIRES PERMISSION OF' THE COPYRIGHT OWNER ASSOCIATION F AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS ti 0 Commission on°liege Geography Publications eneral Series *No I-Geography in UndergraduatC Liberal Education, 1965 No.2 A Basic Geographical Library A Selected and Annotated Book List for American Colleges, 1966 *No.3- Geographic Manpower A Report on Manpower in American Geography. 1966. , No. -New Approaches in Introductory College Geography Courses, 1967 4. *No..-Intr*ctory Geography-Viewpoints and Themes, 1967 No.6-Undergraduate Major Programs in American Geography, 1968 No. 7-A Survey Course: The Energy and Mass Budget at the Surface of the Earth, 1968 No.8 A Systems Analytic Approach to Economic Geography, 1968 No.9- ',AOeographical Bibliography fort American CO'llege Libraries, 1'970 No. 10 -Geography in the TwoYear Colleges, 1970 *Out of print, Resourte Paper Series No,1-1Theories of Urban Location, 1968 No. 2-Air Pollution,. 1968 No.3-Perspectives on Geomorphic Processes, 1969 No.4-SpatialDiffusion, 1969 No.5 -Pkrceplion of Environment, 1969 , No.6 Social Processes in the City: Race and Urban ResidentialChoice, 1969 No. 7-The Spa4I Expression of Urban Growth, 1969 No. 8-The Political Organization of Space, 1971 No. 9-An Introduction to Spatial Allocation Analysis, 1971 ' /*). 10-Man and Nature, 1971 No. 11Tropospheric Waves, Jet Streams, and United States Weather Patterns,., :1971 . No. 12 The Spatial Structure of Administrative Systems,1972 o No. 13 -Residential Mobility in the City, 1972 No. 14 -The Periglacial Environment, Permafrost, and Man, 1972 No. 15 -Conservation, Equilibrium, and Feedback' Applied toAtmospheric and Fluvial Processes, 1972 INo. 16 Metropolitan NeighborhoOds% Participation and Conflict Over Change, 102 Continued on inside back cover 0 0 00 3 O I rt. XBIBLIOGRAPHY OF STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS IN GEOGRAPHY by Bryn Greer-Wootten - Department of Geography and Faculty of Environmental Studies York University Copyright 1972 by the ASS(R4A TION OF _AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS Commission on College Geography Washington; D.C. 20009 o TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 9 -4:t Library of Congress Catalog Card Numberj74-189379 Supptted by a grant from the National Science Foundation thy'. ) 04 4l YT FOREWORD The Technical'Papers are explanatory m nuals for the use of both instructors and students. They are 'expository present i.ions of avairable information on each subject designed to'encourige innovation in teaching methods and materials. These Technical Papers are developed, printed,' and distributed by the Commission on College Geography under the auspices of the Association of American Geographers with National Science Foundation support. The ideas presented in these papers do not necessarily imply endorsement by the AAG. Single copies are rriaileli free of charge to all AAG members. John F. Lounsbury Paul W. English Project Direc tor ' 'Chairman, Panel on Resource Commission on College Geography *. and Technical Papers Panel Members V 1 , .1 Jan BurtOn, Uniiirsit3Of Toronto Paul W. English, UniYerOy of Texas Leslie J. King, MCMaster University Harold M. Rose, Unilieriity of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Robert H. T. Smith, queen's University Edward W. Soja, Northwestern University Philip L. Wagner, Simon Fraser University Julian Wolpert, Uniyersity of Pentnsylvania 4J. , o, O 00005 LIST OF CONTENT Preface 9 IntroductiodThe Nature of the Bibliography 1 Organization of the Bibliography 3 Other,Sibliographic Sources 3, Se'ctio;zs . 144 1 1 Deyelopments.in Geogrlaphic Methodology 2 Models in Geographic Oeseach ° 6 3 Geographic Theory 7 4 Reference , 1 9- ,., S Review Articles ..., -0 13 i. , , 6 Measurement WI 14 7 Set Theory c; '16 16 .8 Geographic Data ,, i-., 9 The Geographic Matrix 19 -.., 10 Computer Applications t 1 11 Sample,Designs and Methods ,- 23 12 Descriptive Statistics 4 13 Index Construction 32 14 Testing Statistical Hypotheses: General Considerations ...... 35 15 Testing the Form of Distributions v 38 16 Other di-Square Tests 40 17 Analysis of Variance 42 18 Non-Parametric Statistics 44 19 GeOstatistics -) v 46 20 Point Pattern Analysis 48 21 Correlation 51 22m Ecological Correlation 55 -,9 23 Causal Analysis 56 24 Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis: An Overview.. 57 ., ,, 25 Principal Components Analysis 61 26 'Factor An'alytic Studies 64 I 27 Regression 67 1 28 Analysis of Covariance, 77 29 Spatial Autocorrelation 78 30 TrendGurface Analysis -., 80 .3 31 Tempcfral and Spatial Series \ N 32 Classification , : 4 86 11'1 .,, 33 Discriminant Analysis ., 4, 89 34 Canonical Correlation . .a. 90 00006' !'` PREFACE In developing this Bibliography,I have become aware of the tremendous explosion of statistical applications in almost all brahes of geographic research. An original -core listing expanded to almost four times its original size, reflecting an; attempt on my part to include references from areas of research which I normally did not cover in teaching, as well-as more recent work. The result has been a rather extensive coverage of many more topics than could be covered in the time available for a two-semester course. Perhaps the first twenty topics listed, together with simple correlation and regression, could be handled in such a time' period. The remaining topics would then form, background for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses. A caveat should be entered on the utility of such a bibliography., In my experience, any listing of reference material is of limited-value unless it is closely tied to a lecture series,andto exercises related to ,a particular topic. At various check-points in the development of the course it also seems valuable to ask for reading reports on a group of references, "bad" as well as "good," to validate student progress. In the early rush to print quantitatively oriented articles, it is now clear that some major problems in the application of statistical techniques to spatial data were not recognized. Ifdel it is important for the student 'to realize thismil therefore many of these early articles are included here. If these, criticisms are placed in the correct perspective of the development of the use oTsuch methods, as in Sections I3 In the Bibliography, then some degree of maturity tray have been attained in this branch of the subject. , The original set of references was drawn up for usein a course .entitled "Introduction to Geographic Theory and Quantitative Methods," to which students at McGill University, the University of California at Berkeley, and the