The demes of Attica and the Peloponnesian War A New Archaeological Approach Amber Brüsewitz Europaplein 77, 3526WC Utrecht Student number: 3108546 [email protected] Thesis RMA History: Cities, States and Citizenship 29-06-2012 The demes of Attica and the Peloponnesian War A New Archaeological Approach 1 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 The problem ...................................................................................................................... 5 A new approach ................................................................................................................ 7 Part One. The Demography of Attica from 450 to 350 BCE: an overview .................. 11 Chapter 1. Primary Sources .............................................................................................. 11 Thucydides .......................................................................................................................... 11 Evacuation of the Countryside .................................................................................................... 11 The Plague ................................................................................................................................... 12 Devastation of Attica during the Archidamian War .................................................................... 12 Devastation of Attica during the Dekeleian War ......................................................................... 14 Total number of casualties .......................................................................................................... 15 Xenophon ........................................................................................................................... 15 Aristophanes ....................................................................................................................... 16 The Acharnians ............................................................................................................................ 16 Peace ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two. Demography: Theory and Application to Ancient History ........................... 20 Chapter Three. The Demography of Attica: Relevant Studies ........................................... 25 450-431 .............................................................................................................................. 25 Population numbers before the Peloponnesian War .................................................................. 25 431-404/3 ........................................................................................................................... 27 Evacuation ................................................................................................................................... 27 Casualties ..................................................................................................................................... 28 403-350 BCE ....................................................................................................................... 29 Population numbers after the Peloponnesian War ..................................................................... 29 The devastation of Attica? ........................................................................................................... 33 Part One: Conclusion ............................................................................................... 36 Part Two. The Demography of Attica from 450 to 350 BCE: a new archaeological perspective .............................................................................................................. 38 Chapter Four. The Archaeology of Attica: Sanctuaries, Settlements and Graves ............... 38 Acharnes (Acharnai) ........................................................................................................... 38 Agios Konstantinos/Synterina (Besa?) ................................................................................ 40 Aigaleo (Ptelea?) ................................................................................................................. 41 2 Anavyssos (Anaphlysthos) .................................................................................................. 42 Ano Liosia (Kropidai?) ......................................................................................................... 43 Argyroupoli ......................................................................................................................... 43 Artemida (Halai Araphenides) ............................................................................................ 44 Chaidari (Kettos) ................................................................................................................. 44 Chalandri (Phlya) ................................................................................................................ 45 Dekeleia/Tatoi (Dekeleia) ................................................................................................... 45 Dionysos (Ikaria) ................................................................................................................. 46 Elefsina (Eleusis) ................................................................................................................. 47 Fyli (Phyle) .......................................................................................................................... 49 Galatsi ................................................................................................................................. 50 Ilion (Cholargos) ................................................................................................................. 52 Ilioupoli (Kedoi) .................................................................................................................. 53 Kallithea .............................................................................................................................. 53 Kato Souli (Trikorynthos) .................................................................................................... 54 Koropi ................................................................................................................................. 55 Lavrion ................................................................................................................................ 56 Legrena ............................................................................................................................... 57 Marathonas (Oinoe) ........................................................................................................... 57 Markopoulo Mesogaias ...................................................................................................... 57 Megala Pefka (Amphitrope?) ............................................................................................. 58 Merenta (Myrrhinous) ........................................................................................................ 58 Moschato (Xypete?) ........................................................................................................... 59 Nikaia .................................................................................................................................. 60 Pallini (Pallene) ................................................................................................................... 60 Peiraias (Peiraieus) ............................................................................................................. 61 Peristeri .............................................................................................................................. 64 Rhamnous (Rhamnous) ...................................................................................................... 64 Sounio (Sounion) ................................................................................................................ 65 Spata ................................................................................................................................... 66 Tavros ................................................................................................................................. 66 Thorikon (Thorikos) ............................................................................................................ 67 Vari/Varkiza (Anagyrous) .................................................................................................... 69 Voula/Vouliagmeni (Halai Aixonides) ................................................................................. 70 Vravrona (Philaidai) ............................................................................................................ 72 3 Chapter Five. The Archaeological Evidence: an Analysis ................................................... 74 Evidence for continued activity during the Peloponnesian War ........................................ 74 Evidence for a halt of activity during the Peloponnesian War ........................................... 76 Ambiguous evidence .......................................................................................................... 76 Other evidence ..................................................................................................................