Hydrogen Delivery Hydrogen Storage Technologies Technical Team Roadmap RoadmapJune 2013 This roadmap is a document of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership. U.S. DRIVE (United States Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle efficiency and Energy sustainability) is a voluntary, non‐binding, and nonlegal partnership among the U.S. Department of Energy; United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), representing Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors; Tesla Motors; five energy companies — BPAmerica, Chevron Corporation, Phillips 66 Company, ExxonMobil Corporation, and Shell Oil Products US; two utilities — Southern California Edison and DTE Energy; and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The Hydrogen Delivery Technical Team is one of 12 U.S. DRIVE technical teams (“tech teams”) whose mission is to accelerate the development of pre‐competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light‐duty vehicles, as well as related energy infrastructure. For more information about U.S. DRIVE, please see the U.S. DRIVE Partnership Plan, www.vehicles.energy.gov/about/partnerships/usdrive.html or www.uscar.org. Hydrogen Delivery Technical Team Roadmap Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... v Mission ................................................................................................................................. 1 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 1 Roadmap Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 Gaseous Hydrogen Pathway ..................................................................................................... 5 Liquid Hydrogen Pathway ......................................................................................................... 6 Hydrogen Carrier Pathway ........................................................................................................ 7 Key Issues and Challenges ......................................................................................................... 7 Current Status and Technical Targets ..................................................................................... 8 1. Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Gaseous Pipelines .............................................................................................................. 9 3. Liquefaction ..................................................................................................................... 11 4. Compression .................................................................................................................... 12 5. Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Pumps .................................................................................. 13 6. Hydrogen Storage ............................................................................................................ 13 7. Tube Trailers, Cryogenic Liquid Trucks, Rail, Barges, and Ships ...................................... 16 8. Geologic Storage ............................................................................................................. 18 9. Hydrogen Quality ............................................................................................................. 19 10. Hydrogen Sensors ............................................................................................................ 22 11. Hydrogen Dispensers ....................................................................................................... 22 12. Mobile Fuelers ................................................................................................................. 23 13. Terminals ......................................................................................................................... 24 14. Other Forecourt Issues ..................................................................................................... 26 Gaps and Technical Barriers ................................................................................................. 27 1. Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 27 2. Gaseous Pipelines ............................................................................................................ 27 3. Liquefaction ..................................................................................................................... 28 4. Compression .................................................................................................................... 29 5. Liquid Hydrogen Pumps ................................................................................................... 29 6. Hydrogen Storage ............................................................................................................ 29 7. Tube Trailers, Cryogenic Liquid Trucks, Rail, Barges, and Ships ...................................... 30 8. Geologic Storage ............................................................................................................. 31 9. Hydrogen Quality ............................................................................................................. 32 10. Hydrogen Sensors ............................................................................................................ 33 11. Hydrogen Dispensers ....................................................................................................... 33 12. Mobile Fuelers ................................................................................................................. 33 13. Terminals ......................................................................................................................... 33 14. Other Forecourt Issues ..................................................................................................... 33 Strategy .............................................................................................................................. 35 Gaseous Pathway .................................................................................................................... 35 Liquid Pathway ........................................................................................................................ 35 Carriers .................................................................................................................................... 35 iii Hydrogen Delivery Technical Team Roadmap Mixed Pathways ...................................................................................................................... 35 Early Market Applications ....................................................................................................... 37 Background ............................................................................................................................. 37 Recent Developments ............................................................................................................. 37 Component Technical Targets and Objectives ........................................................................ 39 Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................... 46 List of Figures Figure 1. Hydrogen Delivery Scope .............................................................................................. 1 Figure 2. Example of Gaseous Delivery Pathway ......................................................................... 2 Figure 3. Example of Liquid Delivery Pathway ............................................................................. 2 Figure 4. Example of Carrier Delivery Pathway ........................................................................... 3 Figure 5. Hydrogen Liquefaction Plant ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 6. Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products by Method ....................................... 17 Figure 7. Cost Comparison of Geologic Storage Methods ......................................................... 19 Figure 8. Number of Retail Stations over Time .......................................................................... 24 Figure 9. Potential Geologic Storage Sites for Hydrogen in the United States ......................... 32 Figure 10. Power-to-Gas Energy Storage Solution ...................................................................... 38 List of Tables Table 1. Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Components ........................................................... 4 Table 2. Natural Gas and Petroleum Pipelines ........................................................................... 5 Table 3. Key Issues and Challenges by Technology Area ............................................................ 8 Table 4. Classification of Hydrogen Storage Vessels ................................................................ 14 Table 5. Evaporation Rates from Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks .......................... 16 Table 6. Terminal Statistics ....................................................................................................... 25 Table