Investigation of Traditional Dwellings in Four Middle Eastern Cities in terms of Strategies for Coping with Climatic Factors and Privacy Maryam Ghasemi Submitted to the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Interior Architecture Eastern Mediterranean University July 2015 Gazimagusa, North Cyprus Approval of the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Prof. Dr. Serhan Çiftçioğlu Acting Director I certify that this thesis satisfies the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Interior Architecture. Prof. Dr. Uğur Ulaş Dağlı Chair, Department of Interior Architecture We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Interior Architecture. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kağan Günçe Supervisor ExaminingCommittee 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kağan Günçe 2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem Olgaç Türker 3. Asst. Prof. Dr. Guita Farivarsadri ABSTRACT Due to the shortage and difficult access to energy resources designers have forced to make the best of nature. Passive heating and cooling strategies are the most famous design patterns in almost all historical architecture sites. The track of privacy values is also clear in the traditional architecture. We can observe different design patterns in regions with similar climate which is induced mainly by privacy and climatic issues. This study has investigated the harmonizing features of traditional and contemporary architecture in relation with Environment and privacy. Climatic issues and privacy factors have been studied which influence the design of houses in different regions having similar religion and climatic conditions. The study has initiated by definitions of housing, traditional houses, discussion of traditional dwelling beside Koppen climate classification and also discussion on contemporary house design. It has been also applied to the chosen field studies as Kashan (Iran), Mukalla (Yemen), Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), and Bagdad (Iraq) which all their housing interior elements were defined comprehensively. In each and every case, design strategy under the impact of climate issues beside the privacy has been investigated and compared with the contemporary dwelling cases in the same region. Data have been collected based on qualitative procedure including: literature survey as well as the observation. Keywords: Traditional architecture; Contemporary architecture; Climate issues; Privacy iii ÖZ Enerji kaynaklarında yaşanan erişim zorluğu ve eksiklği tasarımcıları doğayı en iyi şekilde kullanmaya zorlamıştır. Pasif ısıtma ve soğutma stratejileri neredeyse tüm tarihi mimari yapılarının tasarım desenlerinde yer almaktadır. Özel yaşam değerlerin izlerine geleneksel mimaride açıkça rastlanmaktadır. Aynı iklim koşullarında farklı tasarım desenlerinin görülebilmesinin en büyük nedeni özel yaşam ve iklimsel özelliklerin etkileşimi olduğunu gözlemleyebiliriz. Bu çalışma özel yaşam ve çevre ile ilgili geleneksel ve çağdaş mimarinin bağdaştırıcı özelliklerini araştırmıştır. Özel yaşam ve iklimsel özellikler bakımından bu çalışma benzer kültür ve iklim koşullarına sahip farklı bölgelerdeki evlerin tasarımını etkileyen faktörler irdelenmiştir. Bu çalışma konut tanımları, geleneksel yapılar, Koppen iklim sınıflandırması yanında geleneksel konut özelliklerinin tanımı ile başlamıştır ve çağdaş konut tasarımlarının görüşlerini içermektedir. Geleneksel konutlar üzerinden Rapoport yaklaşımı kullanılarak araştırma yapılmış ve BWH iklim sınıflandırmasına göre incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda tüm konutların iç unsurları kapsamlı bir şekilde tanımlandı ve Kashan (İran), Mukalla (Yemen), Riyad (Suudi Arabistan), Bagdad (Irak) calışmalarına uyarlanmıştır. Her durumda; özel yaşam dışında, iklimsel özellikler, tasarım stratejisi incelenmiş ve aynı bölgede çağdaş konut olguları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Veriler, literatür taraması ve gözlem ile nitel prosedüre dayalı toplanmıştır. iv Anahtar Kelimeler: Geleneksel Mimari; Çağdaş Mimari; İklimsel Konular; Özel Yaşam. v ACKNOWLEDGMENT "The most effective strategy for successful living is really no strategy at all. It is, rather, to be real, to be honest, to be authentic, to be you. -- Ralph Marston“ I would like to admire my dear father and mother (Farhad and Rozita) for generosity to bring the opportunity of study master in interior architecture in Cyprus. Also I want to thank my dear brother Nariman for his support. I also extend appreciate to my dear supervisor Associate Prof Dr Kağan Günçe for his invaluable advice and patient. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………iii ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………….vi LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...x LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….xi 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................... 3 1.2 The Problem Statement ...................................................................................... 9 1.3 Aims of the Study ............................................................................................. 10 1.4 Limitation ......................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Methodology of Study ...................................................................................... 11 1.6 Literature Survey and Data Collection ............................................................. 12 1.6.1 The Field Study .......................................................................................... 13 1.7 Importance of the Study ................................................................................... 14 2 TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN SPECIFIC BWH CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION… .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Climate Classification in the World .................................................................. 15 2.2 Definition of the House ..................................................................................... 19 2.3Traditional and Vernacular House ..................................................................... 23 3 THE ANALYSES OF FACTORS WHICH IMPACT ON FORMATION OF THE TRADITIONAL HOUSES ........................................................................................ 28 3.1 Rapoport Approach ........................................................................................... 28 3.2 Climate Responsive Design Strategies .............................................................. 30 vii 3.3 Impact of Privacy on Design Strategies ........................................................... 34 4 DESIGN STRATEGIES USED IN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN BWH (DESERT CLIMATE AREA) ................................................................................... 36 4.1 Kashan .............................................................................................................. 36 4.1.1 Description of Traditional Architecture in Kashan, Iran ............................ 37 4.1.2 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Kashan, Iran ....... 48 4.1.3 Privacy in Traditional Architecture in Kashan, Iran ................................... 50 4.2 Mukalla............................................................................................................. 51 4.2.1 Description of Traditional Architecture in Mukalla, Yemen ..................... 52 4.2.2 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Aarchitecture in Mukalla, Yemen ................................................................................................................................ 57 4.2.3 Privacy in Traditional Architecture in Mukalla, Yemen ........................... 59 4.3 Riyadh ............................................................................................................. 60 4.3.1 Description of Traditional Architecture in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ............. 60 4.3.2 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ..................................................................................................................... 65 4.3.3 Privacy in Traditional Architecture in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ................... 65 4.4 Baghdad ........................................................................................................... 67 4.4.1 Description of Traditional Architecture in Baghdad, Iraq ........................ 68 4.4.2 Impact of Climate Issues in Traditional Architecture in Baghdad, Iraq ... 81 4.4.3 Privacy in Traditional Architecture in Baghdad, Iraq .............................. 91 5 ANALYSES OF TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN KASHAN, MUKALLA, RIYADH, BAGHDAD .............................................................................................. 93 5.1 Analyses of Examples (Traditional Houses) in Kashan .................................. 93 5.2 Analyses of Examples (Traditional Houses) in Mukalla…………………...118 viii 5.3Analyses of Examples (Traditional Houses) in Riyadh ................................. 125 5.4 Analyses of Examples (Traditional Houses) in Baghdad .............................. 129 6 A DISCUSSION ON CONTEMPORARY HOUSES IN KASHAN, MUKALLA, RIYADH AND BAGHDAD………………………………………………………134 6.1 Discussion on Contemporary