544 Section 4 Technological Contexts Chapter 23 Manufacturing Technology 545 C h a p t e r 2 3 Manufacturing Technology Did You Know? o Manufacturing had its start in the New Stone Age, with grinding corn, baking clay, spinning yarn, and weaving textiles. o Manufacturing in early civilizations concentrated on commonly used products, such as pottery, oils, cosmetics, and wine. o The first mass-produced pencils were made in Nuremberg, Germany in 1662. o Eli Whitney proposed the idea of interchangeable parts in 1798. This idea made it possible to produce goods quickly because standard parts were used. o Henry Ford and his colleagues first introduced a conveyor belt to an assembly line to make magnetos (a type of generator) in 1913. He then introduced the idea for the manufacturing of automobile bodies and engines. 544 Section 4 Technological Contexts Chapter 23 Manufacturing Technology 545 Objectives pilot run primary processing The information given in this chapter will quality help you do the following: secondary processing o Explain the function of manufacturing. separation shearing o Summarize primary and secondary thermoforming processing. tooling o Summarize the six types of secondary processes. o Explain the four major types of Preparing to Read manufacturing systems. Look carefully for the main ideas as o Summarize the seven steps in you read this chapter. Look for the details developing a manufacturing system. that support each of the main ideas. o Recall the four basic managerial Use the Reading Organizer at the end functions. of the chapter to organize the main and supporting points. o Identify the three major resources needed to produce products. A factor that makes people different This chapter o Recall the purpose of marketing. covers the from other beings is that people design and benchmark make tools. This ability has led to objects topics for that help us do things. At first, people made the following Key Words Standards for only things they could use themselves. Technological These words are used in this chapter. Do Some people have called this act useu- Literacy: you know what they mean? facturing (making things for personal use). 1 3 5 1 9 Later, we set up systems to make prod- advertising TechnoFact ucts for other people to use. This is called assembling In the eighteenth manufacturing. Manufacturing changes century, most casting raw materials into useful products. See manufacturing was conditioning done by hand in Figure 23‑1. Everyone uses manufac- continuous manufacturing the home. Often, tured products daily. We ride in manufac- family members custom manufacturing tured vehicles and buy CDs. These CDs would produce die products during the have been manufactured. Everyone puts finishing week and sell them on manufactured clothes and enters build- at the market on firing ings through manufactured doors. We Saturdays. People flame cutting who could not afford read newspapers produced on manufac- flexible manufacturing to buy the raw tured printing presses and write on manu- materials got them forging factured paper with manufactured pencils. from a businessman forming called a putter-out. Manufactured games, sporting goods, and inspection He collected and toys entertain us. This world would be very paid for the finished intermittent manufacturing different without manufactured products. goods and sold machining them in his shop. Each of us needs the output of manufac- manufacturing turing systems. molding 546 Section 4 Technological Contexts Chapter 23 Manufacturing Technology 547 Standards for Technological Manufacturing Literacy 1 9 Processes Brainstorm Ask the students Manufacturing produces goods inside why most products a factory. See Figure 23‑2. Manufactured were produced activities produce goods that can be clas- by manufacturing techniques rather sified as durable or nondurable. These two than useufacturing classifications are based on the life expec- techniques. tancy of a product or system. Durable Research goods include cars, kitchen appliances, Have the students and power tools. Nondurable goods find the definitions include toothbrushes, disposable diapers, of durable goods and nondurable and automobile tires. goods. Manufactured goods have life cycles TechnoFact that start with preliminary planning and England design and continue to the final disposal of experienced the goods. Issues in this life cycle to think its Industrial Revolution in the about include how well the products meet a mid-1700s. At that need, what by-products are produced, and time, its empire Figure 23‑1. Manufacturing makes useful how the products will be disposed of at the reached around the world. It forbade products from various materials. (iStockphoto. end of their life cycle. After manufacturing its colonies from com/Fertnig) is done, the goods are shipped to stores. manufacturing goods. They had to sell their natural resources to buy machinery, cloth, and other finished products from England. Figure 23‑2. Manufacturing produces products, such as this airplane, inside a factory. (iStockphoto.com/Bim) 546 Section 4 Technological Contexts Chapter 23 Manufacturing Technology 547 Primary products by separating, forming, combining, Standards for Processing Raw Materials and conditioning them. Through secondary Technological are changed into processing, plywood becomes furniture. Flour Literacy 1 9 Industrial Materials becomes bread. Sheets of metal become household appliances. Glass becomes bottles Figure that are used to make and jars. Plastics become dishes. Discussion Secondary Consumer Products Have the students Processing refer to Figure 23- Primary Processes 3 as you discuss Figure 23‑3. Manufacturing includes primary the difference and secondary processes. Primary processing includes three between primary and secondary major groups of processes. These were manufacturing. There, customers select and buy goods discussed in Chapter 5. The following Example that best meet their needs and wants. briefly reviews what you learned there: Give the students Manufacturing generally includes two • Mechanical processing. This some examples of major steps. See Figure 23‑3. nI the first includes cutting, grinding, or crushing materials produced step, raw materials are converted into by mechanical, the material to produce a new form. thermal, and industrial materials. Trees are made into These processes include cutting chemical processes. lumber, plywood, and paper. Ores are lumber and veneer, making cement, TechnoFact converted into sheets of metal. Natural crushing rock into gravel, and Cotton weaving gas is converted into plastics. Wheat is grinding wheat to make flour. was one of the converted into flour. Glass is made from first industries to Thermal processing. This is using mechanize during silica sand. These processes are called • heat to change the form or composition the Industrial primary processes. See Figure 23‑4. Revolution. This of materials. These processes include The second step of manufacturing is was spurred on smelting metallic ores (for example, by a number of called secondary processing. The processes making copper or steel) and fusing inventions, including involved in this type of manufacturing change the flying shuttle in silica sand into glass. the forms of industrial materials into usable 1733, the spinning jenny in 1764, the spinning frame in 1769, and the spinning mule (a combination of the spinning frame and spinning jenny) in 1779. Moving Logs Cutting Logs Felling a Tree Removing Bark Cutting Slabs Figure 23‑4. Converting trees into lumber involves a number of steps. Mature trees are felled. Logs are moved to the mill. The bark is removed from the logs with high-pressure water. The logs are cut into slabs. The slabs are cut into boards of standard widths and lengths. (Weyerhaeuser Co.) 548 Section 4 Technological Contexts Chapter 23 Manufacturing Technology 549 Career Highlight Computer‑Controlled‑Machine Operators The Job: Computer-controlled-machine operators program and operate computer numerical control (CNC) machines to cut precision products. The machines these operators work with include CNC lathes, milling machines, and electrical discharge machines (EDMs). The operators use knowledge of machining metals and CNC-programming skills to design and make machined parts. They review drawings for the part, determine the machining operations needed, develop a set of instructions for these operations, convert these instructions into computer codes, test the program, and perform the machining operations. Working Conditions: Most shops that have CNC machines are clean and ventilated. Often, the machines are partially or totally enclosed. This reduces the worker’s exposure to noise, chips, and lubricants. The operator often stands for most of the workday. Most CNC operators work 40-hour weeks. They might, however, have to work evening and weekend shifts. Education and Training: Computer-controlled- machine operators might receive their training on the job, through apprenticeship programs, in vocational programs, or in postsecondary schools. These operators should have a basic understanding of metalworking machines, be able to read blueprints, and have knowledge of computers and electronics. Also, previous experience with machine tools is important. Career Cluster: Manufacturing Career Pathway: Production Standards for • Chemical (and electrochemical) are produced in standard pellets. Sugar is Technological processing. This is using chemical produced in various granular sizes (such Literacy actions