Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/62075 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Veiga, Leonor Title: The Third avant-garde : contemporary art from Southeast Asia recalling tradition Date: 2018-04-24 GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS to be left undyed. Batuan refers to a village on Bali, Bal. Balinese Indonesia and simultaneously the Budd. Buddhism painting style that originated there. Dut. Dutch blencong oil lamp or electric light Hind. Hinduism bulb used to illuminate the shadows Ind. Indonesia on the white cotton screen in a Jav. Javanese shadow play performance. Mh. Mahayana Brahma Lord and creator of the P. Pali universe and of all beings, one of SEA Southeast Asia the three main Hindu deities. Skt. Sanskrit The religion originating from the Tet. Tetun worship of Brahma is called Th. Theravada Brahamanism. Thai. Thailand Brahamana (Bal.) a member of the v. vide priest (Brahmin in India) caste, highest of the aristocracy, the GLOSSARY triwangsa. adat the traditional religious Bodhisattva (Skt.) ‘enlightened being’ and social village laws and For the Th. sect, each being resolved regulations. to reach the state of Buddha and all Arjuna middle brother of the five the successive Buddhas up to Pandawa brothers, major shadow enlightenment. For the Mh. order, he play character; refined hero of the is a legendary layman of exemplary Mahabharata cycle. virtue and compassion who ASEAN the Association of attempts to reach nirvana. Southeast Asian Nations. Borobudur the largest Buddhist Astronesia Austronesia refers to the structure in the world, Borobudur homeland of the people who speak is located in the surrounding area Austronesian languages. It also of Magelang, in Central Java, means the regions on which the Indonesia. Older than Prambanan, Austronesian languages are spoken. Borobudur was built by the Shailendra king Samaratunga bangsa family, group or nation. between 750 and 850 C.E. Barong a mythical beast of great The original and sacred name magic power; most frequently Borobudur of the monument was identified with Raja Banaspati, Lord of probably bhumisambharabhudhara, the Jungle. indicating the many steps the Batara Guru another name for the god aspirant had to climb to reach Siwa (Shiva). Enlightenment. The Borobudur has batik a method (originally used been identified as a stupa, a in Java) of producing colored designs sanctuary (or temple) and as a on textiles by dyeing them, having mandala. In fact, it bears all the first applied wax to the parts three definitions within itself. 302 GLOSSARY Buddhism one of the world’s religions. bird, a feline and a human being Its development led to its internal (SEA); king of the birds. division between Mahayana and Guru (Skt.) used in Java and Bali Theravada sects. for teacher; in Java and Bali may Mahayana Buddhism, or ‘Greater Vehicle’ refer to god Batara Guru, the creator. (more literally ‘Great means of progression’) is the name given halus (Jav.) refined. to the doctrine born of early Buddhism by its adherents who Inlander (Dut.) Indies native. consider it provides the most Kamasan a village on Bali, Indonesia. efficacious path to salvation by It is used interchangeably with the according a vital role to the painting style, which for Bodhisattvas and to the transference disambiguation purposes has been or sharing of their merits. termed as classic. Theravada Buddhism, or ‘Doctrine of kasar coarse or rough. the Elders,’ is the expression used kebatian Javanese mysticism. to refer both to the Buddhist keris Javanese and Balinese sect whose adherents follow the dagger. A weapon as much as a ritual teaching contained in the Pali canon object with supernatural powers. and to the doctrine expounded in Kecac is a form of Balinese dance this canon. and music drama that was candi (Indo.) temple, sanctuary- developed in the 1930s in Bali, tower or funerary monument of Indonesia. Indo-Javanese style. kidung Old and Middle Javanese Cirebon famous court city in West Kidung Interactif Kidung Interactif Java. is a development from the Cloisonné decorative work in which traditional practice of mabebasan, enamel, glass, or gemstones are e.g. the vocalizing and interpreting separated by strips of flattened wire of traditional Balinese poetry. placed edgeways on a metal backing. The interactivity of kidung has CPLP Community of Portuguese rescued mabebasan from elitist Language Countries circuits (which would ultimately lead to its extinction) and dalang the animator of the demonstrates the Balinese desire to puppets and the narrator of the revive their long-standing traditions. story. Carried out in the radio and in desa an independent television programs, kidung community; rural areas of Java and interactif has continually attracted Bali. a wide audience, demonstrating dewa (Bal.) a deity the ability of traditional arts to dharma the teaching or religion embrace new media. of the Buddha. One of the kongsi mutual aid associations fundamental elements of which the created by the Chinese during the world is composed. colonial period. Korawas collective name of the 100 Gamelan generic name for bronze sons of the blind king Drestarata. gong ensemble orchestras and They belong to the ‘left hand party’, music that accompanies shadow i.e. the wicked, in wayang plays. play performances. Kraton (Jav.) word for a royal garuda mythical bird that palace. generally combines the features of a GLOSSARY 303 kulit hide, leather. correspond to various Buddha— bodies, cycle of seasons, literary lakons the story narrated by the modes of production before the dalang; these moralizing dramas final Buddha-image is produced. require one full night for their A mandala is usually represented by a performance. diagram with a central deity, a Layty class of people that serves personification of the basic sanity of the monks and the life inside the Buddha nature. The constructed monastery, enhances his merit form of a mandala has as its basic status, and cultivates a quality of structure a palace with a center and life characterized by ‘giving.’ four gates in the cardinal directions. Without laymen, monks and mantra (Skt.) recitation of holy monastery cannot function. Both words or syllables for mystical monks and laymen are on the path purposes; cabalistic words with of the Buddha. magic power. lontar a manuscript, a book written Mara one of the greatest gods on dried leaves of the lontar palm. in the Domain of Desires and of Death; he is regarded as the Macao SAR Macau Special Tempter, as Satan. Administrative Region of the Mataram Shivaite lineage of kings People’s Republic of China. that ruled in Indonesian islands until Mahabarata a pan-Asian cycle of stories the first quarter of the tenth century. dating back to ca. 400 BCE which memedeg (Bal.) the act of organizing tells of the events leading up to and a Batuan painting through including the Bratayuda War chromatic gradation. Composition between the five Pandhawa brothers starts being organized at the and their cousins, the ninety-nine bottom and working up; this strategy Korawa, over the rights to the finds its roots in wayang kulit kingdom of Ngastina. The stories are performances, especially in the way known in countless oral and written puppets are layered on top of each tellings throughout South and other during a performance. Southeast Asia. mudra (Skt.) mark, seal, a gesture Majapahit East-Javanese empire that of the hands and fingers to which colonized the Malay Archipelago a mystical significance is attached. during the twelfth and thirteenth The term is used to signify a hand- centuries. gesture that is designated as a mark Mandala (Skt.) literally means of a specific transcendent Buddha (Mh.). circle, center or ‘what surrounds,’ implying a sacred place or space. Nyepi (Bal.) a Balinese ‘Day Mandalas formalize space; give it a of Silence’ that is commemorated name and habitation. The mandala every Isakawarsa (Saka new year) principle is of orderly chaos: it is according to the Balinese calendar. orderly because it comes in a pattern; it is chaos because it is ogoh-ogoh (Bal.) these are ephemeral confusing to work in that order. statues built for the Ngrupuk Mandala may also refer to a parade, which takes place on meditation technique that unites the eve of Nyepi day in Bali, the two orders of nature to produce Indonesia. Ogoh-ogoh normally the best poem imaginable. The have form of mythological beings, conception of phases is determined mostly demons. by the number of concentric circles of the mandala, and these stages Pancasila the five principles that 304 GLOSSARY undergird the constitution of the I Nyoman Lempad, Walter Spies Indonesian state. and Rudolf Bonnet. It acted as pasemon allusion; type of shadow intermediary, selling the paintings play where events in everyday life or through exhibitions in major cities court intrigues. of Java, the Netherlands and the pasisir the north coast areas of Java. United States. Few Batuan works Pali the ‘sacred language’ of from the 1930s remained in Bali. Theravada tradition. Pita Maha lasted until 1942, when Panji Panji was a legendary the Dutch Indies was invaded by prince in East Java, Indonesia. His Japanese troops. Recognition in Pita life formed the basis of a cycle Maha provided artists a regular of Javanese stories, that, along with income, which may have contributed the Ramayana and Mahabharata, to artists’ resuming to sign their are the basis of various poems and a works. This individualization genre of wayang (shadow puppetry) (caused by Pita Maha) was unknown known in East Java as wayang to Balinese culture: Spies and Bonnet gedog. The hero of wayang gedog. supplied watercolors and crayons Panji tales have been the inspiration with which the artists started of Indonesian traditional dances, adding color to their black and white most notably the topeng (mask) compositions. The first colored dances of Cirebon and Malang.