Factors determining host plant range in two lycaenid butterflies. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Carey, David Brennan. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 04:37:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185907 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800,521-0600 Order Number 9234902 Factors determining host plant range in two lycaenid butterflies Carey, David Brennan, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1992 V·M·I 300 N. Zccb Rd. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 FACTORS DETERMINING HOST PLANT RANGE IN 1WO LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES by David Brennan Carey A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1992 THE u~IVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee. we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ___D_a_v_i_rl_B_r_e_n_n_a_n_C_a_r_e_y _____________ _ entitled FACTORS DETER.).fINING HOST PLANT RANGE IN T\VO LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES -------------~~ .. ~-.------------------ and recm.mend that it be accepted a6 fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2 0... 3...Jl.-1" V", 0 cA b. ____________ 6/22/92 Elizabeth A. Bernays ~ Date ~4~Q ;r;; A. Mora~ 6/22/92 J. Bruce Walsh Date 6/22/92 Dace 6/22/92 Date D.1. Venable Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ~'2 0~v,~ 6/22192 Date 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must bf obtained from the author. SIGNED: -~ //~ -g/-,,~ Go 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To those who place a gnatcatcher's chatter above a curriculum vitae, a risky dream above a secure rut, the means above the end. To those who have trodden the winepress alone. You know who you are. You made all the difference. Thank you. I give special thanks to my advisor, Elizabeth Bernays, for support of every kind, and to field assistants: Ian Billick, Kerry Bright, David Bryant, Jennifel Carey, Amy Hilmonowski, Robin Kropp, Jack Perrin, and David Wilson. Herr Michael Wink was extremely generous with his knowledge and facilities. Nancy Moran, Judith Bronstein, Larry Venable, Rob Colwell, Shahid Naeem, Reg Chapman, Brent Danielson, Jerry Howard, Andreas Detzel, and Larry Gilbert have all offered valuable help and/or advice. This research was supported by a NSF predoctoral fellowship, a Synder grant from RMBL, $lnd a Research Support Grant and Graduate Student Program Development fund grant from the University of Arizona. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS •••••••.•••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 LIST OF TABLES ••••...........•••..........••••••••..•..••.••....•• 8 ABSTRACT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 CHAPTER 1: Oviposition Preference in Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Lycaenidae): a field study •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Abstract •••••••••••••••• • ••••••• 12 Introduction. • •• 12 Methods •••••• • •• 15 Determination of oviposition preference .• • •• 17 Host plant and site monitoring ••••••••••• • ••••••• 19 Egg monitoring ••••••••••••••••••••.•••••• • ••••••• 19 Results ................................................ • ••••••• 20 Gold Basin area •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Prealight host discrimination •••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Effect of nonrandom alighting.............. • •• 25 Postalight discrimination................ • •• 27 The effect of experience................. • •• 27 Shifting patterns of host species utilization over the season •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 Variations in host-use patterns across seasons ••••• 35 Fantasy Ranch Site ••••••••••••••••••• .36 Oviposition preference •••••••••••••••••••••••• .36 Shifting patterns of host species utilization over the season •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Shifting patterns of host species utilization across seasons. • •• 40 Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 CHAPTER 2: Factors Influencing G. lygdamus (Lycaenidae) Larval Performance: from Cows to Quinolizidine Alkaloids •••.••• 47 Abstract •••••••••••••••••••••• • ........ 47 Introduction •••••••••••••••••• · ...... 48 Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 The butterfly--G. lygdamus ••..••.••••.•••.•.•••• • ••••••• 49 Site descriptions ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .50 Bitter and sweet lupine... • ••••••••••••••••••• .51 Larval monitoring ••••••••• .52 Host-plant monitoring ••••• .53 5 Tab1e of Contents (Continued) Phenology experiments ••••••.•••••• • ••••••••••••••••••• 54 Larval growth in cups •••••••••• . " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 55 Chemical analysis •••••••••••••• • •••••••••• 55 Results ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••• 57 Larval mortality in the field ••••• • •••••••••• 57 Gold Basin site ••••••••••••••• • •••••••••• 58 Fantasy site ••....••..•.•••..• " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "61 Larval growth in the field •••••••• • •••••••••• 63 Gold Basin site •••••••••••••• • •••••••••• 63 Fantasy site ••.•••••••••••••• " " " " " " " " " " " " " 63 Flowering phenology •••••••••••• ..64 Field correlations ••• ..64 Experiments" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ,,67 Flower availability: differences between host species influence larval performance •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 Alkaloid analysis •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 70 Larval performance in the laboratory •••••••••••••••••••• 75 Ant attendance""""",,"""""""""""""" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 78 Gold Basin site •••• • •••••••••• 78 Fantasy site ••••••• " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 78 Discussion" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ,,81 Larval surivorship in the field ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8l Ant attendance •••••••••••••••••••• " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ,,82 Larval growth in the field •••••••• • •••••••••••• 83 Implications for host range ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 85 The relationship between larval performance and oviposition preference •••••••••• • •••••• 86 Comparisons to previous research.... • ••••••••••••••• 87 Conclusions" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ,,89 CHAPTER 3: The Patch Dynamics of Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Lycaenidae): Correlations Between Butterfly Population Density and Host Species Diversity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90 Abstract ••••• ••••••• 90 Introduction. " " " " " " ,,91 Methods •••••• " " " " " " " " " " ,,92 Gold Creek survey. • •••••••••• 92 Patch survey •••••• " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ,,93 Results ••.•••••••••••• • ••••••••••••••••• 95 Creek survey ••• " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ,,95 Patch survey ••• " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "99 Discussion