WAVES Technical Report India June 2015 Managing Catchments for Hydropower Services Technical Report Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services www.wavespartnership.org Contents Acknowledgments------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Abbreviations-and-Acronyms------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 Executive-Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.0-- Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.1- Overview-of-Models------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 RIOS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 InVEST-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.2- Data-Acquisition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Site-Selection------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 Data-Summary-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 1.3- Model-Validation-and-Uncertainty-Assessment-------------------------------------------- 22 Overview----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Water-Yield-Model------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 Sediment-Model---------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 Summary-and-Conclusions--------------------------------------------------------------------33 1.4- Results--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 Priority-Investment-Portfolios-----------------------------------------------------------------34 Ecosystem-Service-Benefits------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 1.5- Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 2.0-- Summary-and-Recommendations-for-Ecosystem-Service-Management-in-HP------------- 47 2.1- Improving-and-Integrating-Models-in-CAT-Planning-Process----------------------------- 47 2.2- Summary-of-Hydrologic-Modeling-Options-for-Himachal-Pradesh----------------------49 2.3- Recommendations-for-Future-Work--------------------------------------------------------- 51 3.0-- References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53 4.0-- Appendixes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 4.1- Appendix-A.-Data-Used-for-Modeling-in-Himachal-Pradesh-------------------------------56 Spatial-Data-Inputs------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 Nonspatial-Data-Inputs------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 4.2- Appendix-B.-Estimating-Sediment-(TSS)-in-Ghanvi-Catchment-------------------------- 77 4.3- Appendix-C.-Hydrologic-Model-Comparison------------------------------------------------ 77 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 1 Managing Catchments for Hydropower Services Model-Philosophy------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 Model-Structure---------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 InVEST----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 SWAT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 4.4- Data-Requirements-for-InVEST-and-SWAT--------------------------------------------------84 4.5- Operational-Considerations-for-InVEST-and-SWAT----------------------------------------89 4.6- Application-to-Himachal-Pradesh------------------------------------------------------------- 91 List of Tables Table-1:- Summary-of-Data-and-Sources-for-Modeling---------------------------------------------- 18 Table-2:- Activity-costs-and-land-classes-where-they-may-be-considered-------------------------21 Table-3:- Summary-of-water-yield-model-inputs-and-their-values-(ranges-for-the-raster-- data-are-the-spatial-minima-and-maxima)-------------------------------------------------- 23 Table-4:- Summary-of-sediment-model-inputs-(ranges-for-the-raster-data-are-the-spatial-- minima-and-maxima).-------------------------------------------------------------------------30 Table-5:- Summary-of-the-annual-TSS-data-for-the-Ghanvi-watershed---------------------------- 31 Table-6:- Summary-of-annual-TSS-data-for-the-Baspa-watershed:--------------------------------- 32 Table-7:- Assumptions-used-to-assign-parameters-for-modeling-activities-with-InVEST------ 40 Table-8:- Key-Differences-in-Methodology-between-RIOS-and-CAT-Plan-------------------------48 Table-9:- Comparison-of-SWAT-and-InVEST-hydrologic-models-in-terms-of-input-- complexity-and-appropriate-application-in-HP-ecosystem-services-- assessment-and-valuation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 Table-A1:- -Parameters-used-by-the-RIOS-and-InVEST-models-that-are-assigned-- to-each-land-cover-class---------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 Table-C1:- Input-requirements-for-InVEST-annual-water-yield,-InVEST-annual-- sediment-yield,-and-SWAT-------------------------------------------------------------------85 Table-C1:- Input-requirements-for-InVEST-annual-water-yield,-InVEST-annual-- sediment-yield…-------------------------------------------------------------------------------86 Table-C2:- Typical-outputs-from-InVEST-and-SWAT:-Note-that-in-both-cases-- the-actual-scale-at-which-outputs-should-be-used-is-the-subbasin-scale-------------- 87 Table-C3:- Potential-data-sources-for-SWAT-and-InVEST,-with-data-quality-and-ease-of- processing-indicated-by-color-and-saturation-respectively.-X-means-that-the-data- source-is-not-necessary-or-cannot-be-used-for-that-model------------------------------ 87 2 List of Figures Figure-1:- Recommended-activities-for-two-of-the-study-area--------------------------------------- 9 Figure-2:- The-RIOS-Investment-Portfolio-Advisor-----------------------------------------------------12 Figure-3:- Four-key-processes-used-in-the-RIOS-framework-to-account-for-the-impact-of-a- landscape-change-on-objectives-------------------------------------------------------------13 Figure-4:- Schematic-of-the-RIOS-model-process-----------------------------------------------------20 Figure-5:- Sensitivity-analyses-conducted-for-the-water-yield-model-for-Ghanvi-- and-Baspa--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Figure-5:- Sensitivity-analyses-conducted-for-the-water-yield-model-for-Ghanvi-- and-Baspa---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 Figure-6:- Comparison-of-observed-water-yield-and-modeled-water-yield-for-Ghanvi-- and-Baspa--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 Figure-7:- Comparison-of-modeled-(sheetflow)-erosion-and-observed-total-erosion-- for-the-Ghanvi-and-Baspa-watersheds-----------------------------------------------------33 Figure-8:- RIOS-results-for-the-Baspa-II-catchment-at-budgets-corresponding-to-- 15-percent-(a)-and-45-percent-(b)-of-the-available-land-area-for-each-activity-------- 35 Figure-9:- RIOS-results-for-the-Ghanvi-I-catchment-at-budgets-corresponding-to-- 15-percent-(a)-and-45-percent-(b)-of-the-available-land-area-for-each-activit----------36 Figure-10:- RIOS-results-for-the-Chaba-catchment-at-budgets-corresponding-to-- 15-percent-(a)-and-45-percent-(b)-of-the-available-land-area-for-each-activity-------- 37 Figure-11:- RIOS-results-for-the-SVP-Bhaba-catchment-at-budgets-corresponding-to-- 15-percent-(a)-and-45-percent-(b)-of-the-available-land-area-for-each-activity--------38 Figure-12:- RIOS-results-for-the-Nathpa-Jhakri-catchment-(downstream-of-Wangtoo)-- at-budgets-corresponding-to-15-percent-(a)-and-45-percent-(b)-of-the-- available-land-area-for-each-activity--------------------------------------------------------39 Figure-13:- Results-of-the-InVEST-water-yield-and-sediment-models-for-the-Baspa-- catchment-at-each-budget-level-considered,-showing-the-percent-change-- in-adjusted-annual-water-yield-(left-axis)-and-sediment-load-(right-axis)-from-- the-baseline-scenario-------------------------------------------------------------------------42 Figure-14:- Results-of-the-InVEST-water-yield-and-sediment-models-for-the-Ghanvi-- catchment-at-each-budget-level-considered,-showing-the-percent-change-- in-adjusted-annual-water-yield-(left-axis)-and-sediment-load-(right-axis)-from-- the-baseline-scenario-------------------------------------------------------------------------42 Figure-15:- Results-of-the-InVEST-water-yield-and-sediment-models-for-the-Chaba-- catchment-at-each-budget-level-considered,-showing-the-percent-change-- in-adjusted-annual-water-yield-(left-axis)-and-sediment-load-(right-axis)-from-- the-baseline-scenario-------------------------------------------------------------------------43 3 Managing Catchments for Hydropower Services Figure-16:- Results-of-the-InVEST-water-yield-and-sediment-models-for-the-SVP-Bhaba- catchment-at-each-budget-level-considered,-showing-the-percent-change-- in-adjusted-annual-water-yield-(left-axis)-and-sediment-load-(right-axis)-from--