The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Social Science Research Council (SSRC). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM and SSRC concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. _______________ IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int The Social Science Research Council is an independent, not-for-profit, international organization founded in 1923. Based in New York City, the Council promotes social science understandings of issues of public concern. The Migration Program seeks to foster international and collaborative research on the origins, processes, and outcomes of migration throughout the world. Social Science Research Council 810 Seventh Avenue New York, NY 10019 USA Tel: +212.377.2700 Fax: +212.377.2727 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ssrc.org _______________ ISBN 978-92-9068-434-3 © 2008 International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Social Science Research Council (SSRC). _______________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 06_08 Edited by Josh DeWind and Jennifer Holdaway Table of Contents Foreword 1 Migration and Development: the Forgotten Migrants 9 Frank Laczko Introduction 2 Internal and International Migration and Development: 17 Research and Policy Perspectives Josh DeWind and Jennifer Holdaway Connecting Internal and International Migration and Development 3 Linkages Between Internal and International Migration 29 Ronald Skeldon 4 Translocal Livelihoods, Networks of Family and 39 Community, and Remittances in Central Peru Norman Long 5 Simultaneity and Networks in Transnational Migration: 71 Lessons Learned from a Simultaneous Matched-Sample Methodology Valentina Mazzucato 6 Remittances, Inequality and Poverty: 103 5 Evidence from Rural Mexico J. Edward Taylor, Jorge Mora, Richard Adams, and Alejandro López-Feldman Comparing the Impacts of Internal and International Migration on Development 7 Labour Market Flooding? Migrant Destination 133 and Wage Change during America’s Age of Mass Migration Susan Carter and Richard Sutch 8 Circular Internal Migration and Development in India 163 Priya Deshingkar 9 A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Migration and 191 Economic Development: Middle Eastern Migration from Kerala, India Prema Kurien 10 Migrant Workers’ Remittances and Rural 221 Development in China Huang Ping and Zhan Shaohua 11 Impacts of Internal Migration on Economic 247 Growth and Urban Development in China Cai Fang and Wang Dewen 12 International Migration and Development: 275 The Case of China Zai Liang and Hideki Morooka 13 Remittances in the Latin American and 305 Caribbean Region: A Review of its Economic Impact Manuel Orozco Afterword 6 14 A Framework for Linking and Comparing 345 the Development Impacts of Internal and International Migration in Research and Policy Josh DeWind and Jennifer Holdaway Foreword 1 Migration and Development: the Forgotten Migrants Frank Laczko Head of Research and Publications, IOM Geneva Research and policy interest in the linkages between migration and development is probably at an all-time high, with numerous meetings, studies and publications devoted to the subject. At the international level there are renewed efforts to promote policy dialogue between states concerned with issues relating to migration and development. For example, the UN General Assembly organized in 2006 a High Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development in New York and in 2007, the Global Forum on Migration and Development was launched in Brussels. For many years migration was often seen as resulting from a lack of development, today policy makers in both countries of origin and destination, are highlighting the positive potential of migration for development. Why this renewed interest in the subject of migration and development? There are many reasons, but one factor which is commonly mentioned is the recent growth in South-North migration. As a result, much of the policy debate about ways in which to manage the benefits of migration for development has tended to focus on issues relating to South-North migration. This has meant that questions relating to South-South migration have received less attention. Moreover, if there is a discussion about South-South migration, that is migration between developing countries, the focus tends to be on movements of people across borders, rather than within countries. Although there is a growing recognition that there is significant South- South international migration, there has been very little discussion in the recent international policy debate about migration and development about the significance of internal migration for development. Yet, in many countries, internal migration, i.e. that which occurs inside the borders of a country, is actually far more important both in terms of the numbers of people involved and the resulting impact on development through 9 remittances and other effects. The scale of internal migration globally has not been fully recorded, but there is little doubt that the numbers of people moving internally is far greater than the level of international migration. For example, in 2006, the UN recorded that 61 million migrants had moved South-South (i.e. from one southern country to another). In the same year China, alone, counted 126 million internal migrants. Why have the linkages between internal migration and development been ignored? Part of the reason may be due to lack of data. Statistics on internal migrants and internal migratory flows tend to be even more difficult to find than data on international migration. But another part of the reason is linked to the way in which researchers have studied migration. As Professor Ron Skeldon has noted, in recent years the word “migration” has nearly always a been associated with “international migration”, while internal migration has been subsumed under such terms as “population distribution” or “urbanization”. Those working on international migration seldom consider internal migration as relevant to their interests and vice- versa. In recent years, IOM has taken a number of initiatives to promote a better understanding of the linkages between internal migration, international migration and development. In 2005, a report entitled “Internal Migration and Development: A Global Perspective”, prepared by Priya Deshingkar and Sven Grimm, was published in IOM’s Migration Research Series. The authors of this report provide an overview of the pattern and significance of voluntary internal labour migration and discuss the impact of this form of migration on development. Despite overwhelming evidence that internal migration can lead to the accumulation of household wealth as well as positive changes in both sending and receiving countries, Deshingkar and Grimm argue that internal migration continues to be viewed as an economically, socially and politically destabilizing process by policy makers, researchers and many NGOs. One reason given for this, they argue, is that internal migration is an “administrative and legislative nightmare”: it crosses physical and departmental boundaries confusing rigid institutions which are not used to cooperating with each other. The authors argue that by not acknowledging the vast role played by internal migrants in driving agricultural and industrial growth, governments escape the responsibility of providing basic services to millions of poor people who are currently bearing the costs of moving labour to locations where it is most needed. 10 Another report, published in IOM’s Migration Research Series, “Domestic Migrant Remittances in China: Distribution, Channels and Livelihoods”, prepared by Rachel Murphy, highlights the scale of internal remittances in China. In 2005, China’s rural migrants sent nearly USD 30 billion back home to their families, a sum much greater than the remittances received from China’s international migrants. In 2005, IOM organized a regional conference in Asia in Lanzhou, China which was hosted by the government of China and funded by the UK Department for International Development. The Lanzhou conference which brought together policy makers and experts from some of the largest countries in Asia, focused on ways to enhance the contributions that internal migrants can make to local and national development. An extensive report on the conference, entitled “Migration, Development and Poverty Reduction in Asia” was published in 2005 by IOM in both English and Mandarin. One of the key messages of this report is that we need much more