VICTIMS AND CORPORATIONS Legal Challenges and Empirical Findings Editor in chief GABRIO FORTI Editors CLAUDIA MAZZUCATO, ARIANNA VISCONTI, STEFANIA GIAVAZZI GABRIO FORTI,CLAUDIA MAZZUCATO,ARIANNA VISCONTI,STEFANIA GIAVAZZI, Victims and Corporations. Legal Challenges and Empirical Findings This is the final publication of the project Victims and ǀCorporations. Implementation of Directive 2012/29/EUȝțȜȝǠȝȤǠ for Victims of Corporate Crimes and Corporate Violence , ƽfunded by the “Justice”ǒ Ǔ programme of the European Union ǩ(Agreement numberǂ ǠȝțȜȟǠ Ǡ Ǡ ǠȢȟȜȢǪǀ - JUST/2014/JACC/AG/VICT/7417). Thisǒ Ǔǀ publication has been produced with the financial support of the “Justice” programme of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the contributors and can in no way be taken to reflect the viewsǀ of the European Commission. RESERVED LITERARY PROPERTY CopyrightȝțȜ 2018ȣ Wolters Kluwer Italia ǀǀǀS.r.l. Via deiǀȤȢǂȞǂȝțȜȟȝ Missaglia n. 97 - Edificio B3 - 20142 Milano TheI diritti rights di traduzione, of translation, di memorizzazione electronic storage, elettronica, reproduction di riproduzione and total e ordi partialadattamento adaptation, totale byo parziale,any means con (including qualsiasi- microfilmmezzo (compresi and photostatic i microfilm copies), e le copie are fotostatiche), reserved for allsono countries. riservati per tutti i Paesi. PhotocopiesLe fotocopie forper personaluso personale use of del the lettore reader possonocan be made essere within effettuate the limits nei limitiof 15% del of 15% each di volume/periodical ciascun volume/fascicolo issue upon di- paymentperiodico todietro SIAE pagamento of the consideration alla SIAE del provided compenso in art. previsto 68, paragraphs dall’art. 68, 4 commi and 5, 4of e Law 5, della 22 April legge 1941 22 aprile no. 633. 1941, n. 633. ReproductionsLe riproduzioni diverseother than da quelle those sopraindicated indicate above (per (for uso use non other personale than personal - cioè, a - titolo such as,esemplificativo, without limitation, commerciale, commercial, eco- economicnomico o professionale or professional - e/o - and oltre / or il limitebeyond del the 15%) limit potranno of 15%) avvenireshall require solo thea seguito previous di specifica specific autorizzazioneauthorization ofrilasciata EDISER- Srl,da EDISER a service Srl, companysocietà di serviziof the dell’AssociazioneItalian Editors Association Italiana Editori, (Associazione attraverso Italiana il marchio Editori CLEARedi), through Centro the Licenze brand eCLEARedi Autoriz- Centrozazioni RiproduzioniLicenze e Autorizzazioni Editoriali. Informazioni: Riproduzioni www.clearedi.org. Editoriali. Information available at: www.clearedi.org. L’elaborazione dei testi, anche se curata con scrupolosa attenzione, non può comportare specifiche responsabilità per even- Thetuali elaborationinvolontari errori of texts, o inesattezze. even if treated with scrupulous attention, cannot lead to specific responsibilities for any unintentional mistake or inaccuracy. PrintedStampato by GECAda GECA s.r.l. s.r.l. - Via - Via Monferrato, Monferrato, 54 54 - -20098 20098 SanSan GiulianoGiuliano MilaneseMilanese (MI) (MI) CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................ p XI Acknowledgments............................................................ p XIII INTRODUCTION by Gabrio Forti 1. ‘Epistemic’ Dominance of Corporate Organisations, ‘Epistemic Injustice’ for Victims .......................................... p1 2. Salience of the Victim and Prevention of Corporate Violence ................................................................................ p6 3. The Victimological Paradigm Shift ...................................... p11 4. The Long Way, Mostly Ahead, to Real Victim Protection... p 13 PART I THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK, BETWEEN PRESENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER I VICTIMS OF CORPORATE VIOLENCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: CHALLENGES FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND POTENTIALS FOR EUROPEAN POLICY by Claudia Mazzucato 1. Victims of Crime in the European Union and the Directive 2012/29/EU ........................................................................... p 22 1.1. Victims Matter: A Priority for the European Union ... p 22 1.2. A Priority within the Priority: Vulnerable Victims and © Wolters Kluwer Italia VI CONTENTS Victims with ‘Specific Protection Needs’: Light and Shades ......................................................................... p 26 1.3. A Comprehensive and Multi-Level System................ p 34 1.4. Protection: The Bridge Between ‘Support’ and ‘Justice’ ....................................................................... p 35 1.5. Suspects, Accused Persons, and Offenders (Must) Matter Too .................................................................. p 37 2. The Challenge of Implementing the Directive 2012/29/EU with Victims of Corporate Crime and Corporate Violence .. p 43 2.1. Building Bridges ......................................................... p 43 2.2. Revealing the Common Features of Corporate Violence to Better Assess/Address these Victims’ Special Needs.............................................................. p 48 2.3. A Closer Look at the Directive 2012/29/EU through the Lens of Corporate Violence Victimisation............ p 50 2.3.1. The Scope of the Victims Directive .............. p 51 2.3.2. The Notion of ‘Victim’ and Their Recogni- tion................................................................. p 52 2.3.3. The Right to Information............................... p 55 2.3.4. The Right to Protection ................................. p 57 2.3.5. The Dependence on the Offender.................. p 58 2.3.6. Crime as a Violation of Individual Rights .... p 59 3. Open Issues........................................................................... p 60 CHAPTER II THE ROLE OF VICTIMS OF CORPORATE VIOLENCE WITHIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES by Enrico Maria Mancuso 1. Victims of Corporate Violence and the Directive 2012/29/EU p 69 2. The Right to Receive Information and Assistance ............... p 70 3. The Right to Interpretation and Translation ......................... p 74 4. Corporate Violence Victims and Their Participation in Criminal Proceedings: The Right to Be Heard..................... p 76 4.1. Rights in the Event of a Decision Not to Prosecute... p 78 4.2. The Right to Seek Compensation ............................... p 79 4.3. The Participatory Rights of Cross-Border Victims ..... p 81 5. The Right to Protection ........................................................ p 82 5.1. The Specific Protection Needs of Corporate Violence Victims ........................................................................ p 84 © Wolters Kluwer Italia CONTENTS VII CHAPTER III CORPORATE VICTIMS IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW: THE ‘SOUND OF SILENCE’ by Stefano Manacorda and Irene Gasparini 1. Introductory Remarks: Environment, Food, and Medical Devices as Fields of Analysis............................................... p 89 2. The EU Legislation and the Missing Corporate Victim ....... p 92 3. Safeguarding Victims’ Fundamental Interests: The Protection of Human Life and Health .................................. p 95 4. Framing Individuals’ and Legal Entities’ Liability for Corporate Misconduct ........................................................... p 99 5. The Role of Criminal Law in Tackling Corporate Misconduct p 103 6. The Risk-Based Approach and the Precautionary Principle . p 107 7. Concluding Remarks: The ‘Sound of Silence’ ..................... p 110 CHAPTER IV VICTIMS AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS by Marc Engelhart 1. Introduction ........................................................................... p 115 2. Victims and Human Rights................................................... p 116 3. Victim’s Rights under the ECHR ......................................... p 118 3.1. Positive Obligations and Horizontal Effect ............... p 118 3.2. Protection under the Specific Rights ......................... p 119 3.2.1. Art 2 - Right to Life ..................................... p 120 3.2.2. Art 3 - Prohibition of Torture et al .............. p 122 3.2.3. Art 4 - Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour .............................................................. p 122 3.2.4. Art 6 - Fair Trial .......................................... p 123 3.2.5. Art 8 - Right to Respect for Private and Family Life .................................................... p 125 3.2.6. Arts 10, 11 - Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Assembly and Association ......... p 125 3.2.7. Art 13 - Effective Remedy ............................ p 126 3.3. Conclusion ................................................................. p 126 4. Convention Rights and the Directive 2012/29/EU ............... p 128 5. Future Perspectives ............................................................... p 131 © Wolters Kluwer Italia VIII CONTENTS CHAPTER V VICTIMS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: AN OVERVIEW by Gabriele Della Morte 1. Introduction ........................................................................... p 137 2. The Definition of Victim (Under International Law) ........... p 138 3. The Procedural and Substantial Dimension of Victims under International Law .................................................................. p 139 3.1. The Procedural Dimension ......................................... p 139 3.2. The Substantial Dimension ........................................