Paradiplomacy*and*TransBoundary*Water* in*the Tijuana*River*Valley Michael,Bennett,X,Suzanne,Walther,,PhD,X,Andrew,Tirrell,,PhD Background Border,Integration Case,Studies PARADIPLOMACY SAN*DIEGO*– TIJUANA*REGION • Decentralized,international,cooperation,between,governmental, ! Population and,non_governmental,entities,operating,at,the,sub_national,level X,,World's,4th largest,binational,conurbation,– 5.3,million TRANSBOUNDARY*WATER X,,Shared,history,of,urban,development Trash Sediment Waste • Geographic,interdependence,of,political,entities,on,water, 1848 • Growth in,the,Shadows resources,occupying,a,shared,watershed 1942 • Bracero Program TIJUANA*PLASTIC*BAG*BAN • Historically,,a,source,of,political,cooperation,— Indus,Waters, • Treaty,of,1960,and,Jordan,River,Valley,water,management 1965 • Maquiladoras.&,the,B.I.P. September 2018 1994 • NAFTA • Monica,Vega,of,Tijuana,City,Council,,Wildcoast,,Tijuana,CoC Study,Site • public,relations,,bill,writing,,exemptions,,legislative,assistance ! Regional,Integration SEDIMENT INFLUX MITIGATION X,,fluid economic,transfers,of,capital,,labor,,and,materials • research,by,local,universities,and,management,by,TRNERR X,,rigid state,apparatuses,for,site,management • creation,of sediment,basins Local,Bureaucracy • need,for upstream developmental management U.S. Mexico SEWAGE EFFORTS AND IBWC LAWSUIT ORGANIZATIONS*AND*GOVERNMENT*ENTITIES • international,loans,and,grants,,border,sewage,treatment,plant ! Federal:,International,Boundary,and,Water,Commission,(U.S., • IBWC,lawsuit,– California,,Imperial,Beach,,San,Diego,,Surfrider Department,of,State,and,Mexican,Secretariat,of,Foreign,Affairs) ! State:,Tijuana,River,National,Estuarine,Research,Reserve, 0 5 10 20 30 40 ´ Miles Conclusions Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community (California,State,Parks,,NOAA,,U.S.,Fish,&,Wildlife,Service) TIJUANA*RIVER*VALLEY ! Local:,Cities,of,San,Diego,,Tijuana, Imperial Beach, Coronado WATER*AS*A*UNIFYING*AGENT ! Civil,Society: ! Binational,Watershed, " Pragmatic X,,U.S.:,Wildcoast,,San,Diego,Regional,CoC,,Surfrider Foundation X,,¾,of,basin,lies,within,Mexico,,mouth,in,U.S. " Common,Focus,for,Research,Efforts ! Ecological Value X,,Mexico:,Tijuana,CoC,,Tijuana,EDC,,Tijuana,Innovadora " Establishment of Dialogue X,,highly,productive,estuarine,habitat,,bird,stopover,,&,fish,nursery COOPERATION " Aspirational,for,U.S._Mexico,Diplomatic,Engagement X last,remaining,intact,salt_marsh,in,Southern,California While,cooperation,is,a,growing,priority,,the,barriers,set,by,language,, nationality,,and,an,international,border,have,slowed,integration,of, FUTURE*INTERGRATION ! Water,Issues relevant,organizations,for,cooperation,on,water,issues. X,,Sewage: beach,closures,,public,health,issues,,ecosystem,impact Better,watershed,management,requires,a,greater,degree,of, institutional,cooperation,and,integration., X,,Sediment: habitat,conversion,,anoxic,conditions,,dredging,costs X Solid,Waste:,trash,cleanup,cost,,ocean,outflow Acknowledgements Data,Collection I,appreciate,the,support,from,my,advisors,,Dr.,Suzanné,Walther,and, Dr.,Andrew,Tirrell,,interviewees,from,local,organizations,,and,the, ! Unstructured,Interviews,with,local,organizations Office of Undergraduate Research and Honors Program at the ! TRNERR,,San,Diego Regional CoC,,Wildcoast/Costasalvaje University of San Diego for financial support in presenting,research, at,the,2019,Meeting,of,the,Association,of,American,Geographers..