CAPITAL .A CRITIQUE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>»>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>~>~ BY KARL MARX THE PROCESS O F CAPITALIST PRODUCTION tR ANSLATED FROM THE THIRD GERMAN EDITION BY SAMUEL MOORE AND EDWARD AVELING EDITED BY FREDERICK ENGELS REVIS ED AND AMPLIFIED ACCORDING TO THE FOURTH GERMAN EDITION BY ERNEST UNTERMANN »>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>»>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>~ BENNETT A. CERF • DONALDS. KLOPFER TH E MODERN LIBRARY NEW YORK 3771 CONTENTS. JI AG• EotTo•"s NoTx TO THE FlllST AuzaiCAN EDITION, 7 AUT HO&'s PRlll'ACEs--L To the First Edition, 11 II. To the Second Edition, 16 EoiTOft'S PREPACE-To the First English Translation, 27 EDITOR's Pu:FAC&-To the Fourth German Edition, sa PART I. ':()l OlODITIJ:.S AND :W: ON :&Y. CaAP'tU I.-Commodities, . 41 Section 1.-The two Factors of a Commodity; Use Value and Value (the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value), 41 Section 2.-The Twofold Character of the Labour embodied in Commodities, 48 Section 8.- The Form of Value, or Exchange Value, 54 A. Elementary or Accidental Form o Value, 56 L The two Poles of the Expression o~ Value: Relative Form and Equivalent Form, 66 The Relative Form of Value, 67 (o.) The Nature and Import of this Form, 57 (b.) Quantitative Determination of Relative Value, 61 8. The Equivalent Form of Value, 6' 4. The Elementary Form of Value considered a.. a Whole, 69 B. Total or Expanded Form of Value, 72 1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value, 72 2. The Particular Equivalent Form, 73 S. Defects of the Total or Expand~d Form of Value, H C. The General Form of Value, 76 1. The altered Character or the Ferm or Value, 75 S. T he interdependent Development or the Relati•e Form ot Value, and of the Equivalent Form,. 78 3. Transition from the General Form to the Uooey Form, 79 D. The Money Form, . 80 Section 4.-The Fetishism of Commodities and tho Secret thereat, . 81 CHAPTER II.- ExchanR' e . 96 CHA PTEK llL- Uooey, or the Circulation of Commodities, 106 Section 1.-Tbe Meotsure of Value, . 106 Sectian !a.-The Medium or Circulation. 116 11 . The MetamorDhosis of Commodities, 116 b. The Currency or Money, . 128 c. Coin, and Symbols of Value, HO SI!Ct!u! 3.-Money, . I. H6 • · H oardinR' , H6 I. M cans of Payment, . 151 c. Universal Money, 159 PAllT II. TR!t TJtAMSJ'OIUIATI ON. OP' VOHKY IMTO CAPITAL. C HAPTn IV.-The General Formula !or Capital, • ] ,Ill C HAPTER v.-Cootradictions in the General Formula ot Capital, 1:1 t HAPTitlt VI.-The Buyin(l and Sellinll or Labour-Power, 186 I Contents. Contents. 5 !'AGE PART III. Section a.-Revolution effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry, 602 'fill! P RODUCTION OP ABSOLUTZ SUllPLUB-VALOL a. Overthrow of Co-Operation based on Handicraft and on Di·1i· PACI sion of Labour, 502 of producing Surplus· CnAPTitll VII.-The Labour Process and the Process b. Re-action of the Factory System on Manufacture and Dome•· 1117 Value, tic Industries, 504 197 Section 1.-The Labour Process or the Production of Use-Value,. c. Modern Manufacture, 50a 207 Section 2.-The Production of Surplus-Value, d. Modern Domestic Industry, 509 221 CnAPTER VIII.-Constant Capital and Variable Capital, e. Passage of Modem Manufacture and Domestic Industry into 285 CHAPTZR IX.-The Rate of Surplus-Value, Modem Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of this Revo· 285 S ection 1.-The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power, lution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those In· Section 2.- The Representation of the Components of the Value of the dustries, 614 duct by corresponding proportional Parts of the Product itself, Section 9.-The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Section 8.--Senjor's " Last Hour,'' Their general Extension in England, 526 Section 4.- Surplus-Produce, Section 10.-Modern Industry and Agriculture, 553 C HA»TE:V. X .-The Working-Day, S ection 1.-The Limits of the Working-Day, 255 PART V . S ection 2.-The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Bayard, 2511 Section a.-Branches of En glish Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation, 268 THE PI.OOUCTION o• A:BSOLUT"E AND IELAT!n &OlU'LUS·VALUZ. Section 4.-Day and Night Work. The Relay System, 283 CHAPTER XVI.-Aboolute and Relative Surplus-Value, 567 S ection 5.-The Strug&le for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Laws for CHAPTER XVII. hangeo of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in the Extension of the Working-Day from the M iddle of the 14th to the Surplus-Value, 568 End of the 17th Century, • 290 I. Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour constant. P ro· Section 6.-The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Limitation ductiveness of Labour variable, . 569 by L aw of the Working· Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864, 804 II. Working Day constant. P roductiveness of Labour constant. I ntensity Section 7.-The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. R e-action of the Eng· of Labor variable, . 574 !ish Factor y Acts on Other Countries, 828 I II. Productiveness and Intensity -of Labour constant. Length of the Work· C n 4PTEII XI.- Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value, 881 ing Day variable, 670 IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness and In· P ART I V. tensity of Labour, 678 PJW.DUCTION OlP ULATIVE SUaPLU5-VALtTL (1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a simultaneous Length· ening of the Working Day, 578 C HAPT ER XII.- T he Concept of Relative Surplus-Value, SU (2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with simul· CaAPTER XIII.---<Co·OperaHon, 858 taneous Shortening of the ~ Working Day, 580 CnAPTER XIV.-Division of Labour and Manu facture, 868 CHAPTER XVIII.-Va.rious Formlao for the Rate of Surplus-Value, 582 Section 1.-Twofold Origin of Manufacture, 868 S ection 2.-The Detail Labourer and his Implements, 87a S ection 8.-The two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous P ART VI. Manufacture, Serial Manufacture, 375 WAGJ:S. S ection 4.-Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society, 885 'CHAPTER XIX.-T he Transformation of the Value (and respectiYcly the P rice) S ection 5.-The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture, 895 of Labour-Power into Wages, 580 CHAPTER XV.- Machinery an d Modern Industry, 405 CRAPTER XX.-Time-wages, 594 S ection 1.-The Development of Machinery, 405 CHAPTER XXI.-Piece-Wages, 602 S ection 2.-The Value transferred by Machinery to the P roduct, 4.21 CRAPTER XXII.- ational Differences of Wages, 611 Section s.-The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman, 430 a. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital. T he PART VII. Emplo)'!Dent of Women and Children, 481 ACCU>t ULATION O:f CAP IT.U.. b. Prolongation of the Working-Day, 4.40 T ID: c. Intensification of Labour, 441 CHAPTER XXIII.-Simple Reproduction, • 1519 Section 4.- Tbe Factory, 451 'CHAPTER XXl V.-Gonversion of Surplus-Value into Capital, 68+ S ection 5.-The Strife between Workman and Machinery, 460 Section 1.-Capitalist Production on a progressively increasing Scale. Transi· S ection 6.-The T heory of Compensation as reg:uds 'ilil' WIJrkpeople displaced tion of the Laws of Property that characterise Production of Com· by Machinery, 47 modities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation, 6U Section 7.-Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by tbe l<actory 'Syst.,.,._ Section 2.-Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on Crises of the Cotton Trade, a prOI{rcSsively increasing Scale, M4 r ContentJ. Section 3.-Separation of Surplus· Value into Capital and Revenue. The A h.'"'- atinence Theory, Sfl Section ,.-Circumstances that, Independently of the proportional Division oi Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue, determine the Amount of Ac. cumulation. Degrer of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount between Capital employed Lnd Capital cunsumed. Magnitude of Capital advanced, 85t Section 5.-The so-called Labour Fund, . sor CllAPTJ:a XXV.-The General L aw of Capitalist Accumulation, . s71 Section 1.-The increased D emand for Labour-Power that accompanies Accumu- la tion, the Composition of Capital remaining the same: , . 67t Section 2.-Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that ac- companies it, lit Section a.-Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population, or Indus- trial Reserve A rmy, Sill Section 4.-Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation, 70& Section 6.-IIIustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumula tion, 711 a. England from 1846 to 1866, 711 b. The badly paid Strata of the British Industrial Class, 711 c. T he Nomad Population, 711 d. Effect of Crises on the best paid Part of the Worlcing Cia .., 731 1. The British Agricultural Proletariat, 73D f. Ireland, • 767 P ART VIII. TH~ 50-CAU.J:O l'RIMITIV:! ACCU W:ULATIOJf. CHAPUR XXVI.-The Secret of Primitive Accumulation, . 78C C u APTER XXVII.-Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land, 788 CuAPTER XXVIII.-Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated from the End of the 16th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of P arliament, 801 CnAPTJta XXIX.-Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer, su CHAPTER XXX.-Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Crea· tiun of t he Home M arket for Industrial Capital, 817 C HAPTER XXXI.--Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist, 821 C HAPTER XXXII.-Historical Tendency of Capitalistic Accumulation, 83, S:,nAPTU xx .... !II.-The Modern Theory of Colonization, 831 Works and Authote q•.loted in .