Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Doing justice to gender diversity: Narratives of progress and the limits of law Author(s) Duffy, Sandra Publication Date 2020-06-22 Publisher NUI Galway Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16053 Downloaded 2021-09-25T13:59:21Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Research Question .......................................................................................... 9 1.3 Thematic Overview ......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Terminology and definitions ......................................................................... 11 2.2 Trans identities .............................................................................................. 12 2.3 Discourse, globalisation, and identity ........................................................... 14 3.1 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................... 15 4.1 Methodology ................................................................................................. 18 4.2 Situating the author ....................................................................................... 19 4.3 Doctrinal and comparative analysis .............................................................. 21 4.4 Analytical lenses ........................................................................................... 23 4.5 Feminist legal theory ..................................................................................... 23 4.6 Queer legal theory ......................................................................................... 25 4.7 Postcolonial legal theory ............................................................................... 26 4.8 Trans legal theory ......................................................................................... 27 Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 29 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 29 1.2 The gendered subject .................................................................................... 30 1.2.1 Transgender studies and subjectivity ..................................................... 31 1.2.2 Gender identity and gender modality ..................................................... 37 1.2.3 Subjectivation: creating the gender-variant subject ............................... 41 1.2.4 The medicalised gender-variant subject ................................................. 44 1.3 The gendered citizen ..................................................................................... 46 1.3.1 Language as constitutive of the person .................................................. 46 1.3.2 Citizenship, the abject, and the sexual subaltern .................................... 48 1.3.3 Regimes of non-juridical power ............................................................. 52 1.4 The gendered law .......................................................................................... 56 1.4.1 Gender and regimes of juridical power .................................................. 57 1.4.2 How the law encounters the gendered citizen ........................................ 61 1.4.3 Human rights and gender variance ......................................................... 63 1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 65 1 Chapter 2 - The European Court of Human Rights................................................. 69 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 69 2.2 Van Oosterwijck v Belgium to Sheffield and Horsham v United Kingdom ... 74 2.2.1 Van Oosterwijck v Belgium .................................................................... 77 2.2.2 Rees v United Kingdom .......................................................................... 79 2.2.3 Cossey v United Kingdom ...................................................................... 82 2.2.4 B v France .............................................................................................. 88 2.2.5 X, Y, and Z v United Kingdom ............................................................... 90 2.2.6 Sheffield and Horsham v United Kingdom ............................................. 95 2.3 Goodwin and I v UK to YY v Turkey ............................................................. 98 2.3.1 Goodwin and I v United Kingdom ....................................................... 102 2.3.2 L v Lithuania ........................................................................................ 108 2.3.3 Y.Y. v Turkey ........................................................................................ 111 2.4 A.P., Garcon, and Nicot v France, and the future of gender identity at the ECtHR ............................................................................................................... 115 2.4.1 A.P., Garcon, and Nicot v France ........................................................ 118 2.4.2 S.V. v Italy ............................................................................................ 121 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 123 Chapter 3: Ireland ................................................................................................. 126 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 126 3.2 Constituting Ireland .................................................................................... 127 3.2.1 Independence and the 1922 Irish Free State Constitution .................... 129 3.2.2 The 1937 Constitution .......................................................................... 131 3.2.2 Gender, religion, postcolonialism: philosophical tensions in the new Irish Republic ................................................................................................ 136 3.3 Queering Ireland ......................................................................................... 141 3.3.1 Criminalisation ..................................................................................... 141 3.3.2 Taking to the Law ................................................................................ 146 3.3.3 Decriminalisation ................................................................................. 157 3.4 Transgender Ireland .................................................................................... 164 3.4.1 The Foy cases ....................................................................................... 164 3.4.2 Building a movement ........................................................................... 186 3.4.3 Legislating for trans rights: the Gender Recognition Act 2015 ........... 193 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 211 Chapter 4: United Nations .................................................................................... 214 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 214 4.2 Emerging subjects ....................................................................................... 215 4.2.1 CEDAW and the construction of women ............................................. 215 2 4.2.2 A myriad of genders: the emergence of queer and gender-variant identities in IHRL ......................................................................................... 218 4.2.3 The Yogyakarta Principles and queering IHRL ................................... 220 4.3 Constructing the gender-variant subject in IHRL ....................................... 228 4.3.1 Terms of inclusion: language and the subject ...................................... 229 4.3.2 Protectionism and the hegemonic victim-subject ................................ 232 4.3.3 Pathologisation and biological essentialism......................................... 236 4.4 Excluded subjects ........................................................................................ 239 4.4.1 Disaggregating SO + GI? ..................................................................... 239 4.4.2 Normative Westernisation .................................................................... 243 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 246 Chapter 5: India..................................................................................................... 249 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 249