Lamps for Machine Vision BY PERRY WEST AUTOMATED VISION SYSTEMS, INC. AUTOMATED VISION SYSTEMS, INC. San Jose, California 95124 U.S.A. © Copyright 1990, 1991, 2003 & 2018,(408) Automated 267-1746 Vision Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. www.autovis.com 4/18/2018 © Copyright 2018, Automated Vision Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Lamps for Machine Vision July 11, 2018 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................2 FACTORS IN SELECTING LAMPS ..................................................................................................4 Light Output ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Efficiency ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Spectral Content ................................................................................................................................ 5 Directionality ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Heat Generation ................................................................................................................................. 6 Temperature Effects .......................................................................................................................... 6 Short Term Stability ........................................................................................................................... 6 Performance Characteristics Over Time ........................................................................................... 6 Operating Lifetime ............................................................................................................................. 6 Reliability/Failure Mechanisms ......................................................................................................... 7 Safety and Environment .................................................................................................................... 7 Cost .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Availability .......................................................................................................................................... 8 LAMPS ........................................................................................................................................9 Light-Emitting Diode .......................................................................................................................... 9 Xenon Strobe Lamp ......................................................................................................................... 15 Fluorescent ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Incandescent ................................................................................................................................... 26 Halogen Incandescent ..................................................................................................................... 31 Semiconductor Laser ....................................................................................................................... 37 i Lamps for Machine Vision July 11, 2018 High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp .............................................................................................. 42 Neon ................................................................................................................................................. 47 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 50 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................. 51 APPENDIX A – GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX B – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... 55 ii Table of Figures Figure 1 – Radar Diagram for Lamp Attributes..................................................................................... 3 Figure 2 – Spectral Response of the Human Eye ................................................................................. 4 Figure 3 -- LED ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 4 -- LED ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 5 -- LED ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 6 -- LED ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 7 – Surface Mount LED ............................................................................................................ 11 Figure 8 – Surface Mount LED ............................................................................................................ 11 Figure 9 – Surface Mount LED ............................................................................................................ 11 Figure 10 – Surface Mount LED .......................................................................................................... 12 Figure 11 – Attributes of Light Emitting Diodes ................................................................................. 14 Figure 12 – Helical Strobe Lamp ......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 13 – Helical Strobe Lamp ......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 14 – Linear Strobe Lamp .......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 15 – Attributes of Xenon Strobe Lamps .................................................................................. 21 Figure 16 – End of Linear Fluorescent Lamp ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 17 – Circular Fluorescent Lamp ............................................................................................... 22 Figure 18 – “U” Shaped Fluorescent Lamps ....................................................................................... 23 Figure 19 – Attributes of Fluorescent Lamps ..................................................................................... 25 Figure 20 – Standard Household Incandescent Lamp ....................................................................... 26 Figure 21 – BR30 Incandescent Flood Lamp...................................................................................... 26 Figure 22 – PAR 38 Outdoor Flood Lamp with Filter .......................................................................... 27 Figure 23 – Incandescent Lamp Attributes ........................................................................................ 31 Figure 24 – Linear Halogen Lamp ....................................................................................................... 32 Figure 25 – Small Halogen Lamp with Reflector ................................................................................ 32 Figure 26 – Small Halogen Lamp ........................................................................................................ 32 Figure 27 – Small Halogen Lamp with Reflector for Outdoor Use ..................................................... 33 Figure 28 – Halogen Incandescent Lamp Attributes .......................................................................... 36 Figure 29 – Laser Diode ...................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 30 – Laser Diode Attributes ..................................................................................................... 41 Figure 31 – Mercury Vapor Lamp ........................................................................................................ 42 Figure 32 – Sodium Vapor Lamp ........................................................................................................ 42 Figure 33 – HID Lamp Attributes ........................................................................................................ 46 Figure 34 – Sign Made From Neon Lamps ......................................................................................... 47 Figure 35 – Neon Lamp Attributes ...................................................................................................... 49 Figure 36 – Radar Plot of Lamp Characteristics ................................................................................ 50 LAMPS FOR MACHINE VISION INTRODUCTION » 1 INTRODUCTION Originally, the term lamp meant a shining object; one which shined of its own accord such as a torch. This came to mean any object that