United States Department of Pest Risk Assessment Agriculture Forest Service of the Importation into Forest Health Protection the United States of Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Unprocessed Pinus Logs July 2006 and Chips from Australia FHTET 2006-06 Abstract The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of species of Pinus (Pinus radiata, P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, P. taeda L., and P. caribaea var. hondurensis, principally) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representa- tive insects and pathogens of concern. Eleven individual pest risk assessments were prepared, nine dealing with insects and two with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of Pinus. Among the insects and pathogens assessed for logs as the commodity, high risk potentials were assigned to two introduced European bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater), the exotic bark anobiid (Ernobius mol- lis), ambrosia beetles (Platypus subgranosus, Amasa truncatus; Xyleborus perforans), an introduced wood wasp (Sirex noctilio), dampwood termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes rufi notum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes tuberculatus; Bifi ditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, C. brevis, C. domesticus, C. dudleyi, C. cynocepha- lus), and subterranean termites (Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius, S. i. actuosus, S. i. breinli, S. i. seclusus, S. reticulatus; Heterotermes ferox, H. paradoxus; Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. frenchi, C. lacteus, C. raffrayi; Microcerotermes boreus, M. distinctus, M. implicadus, M. nervosus, M. turneri; Nasutitermes exitiosis). A moderate pest risk potential was assigned to pine loopers (Chlenias spp.), endemic weevils (Aesiotes spp.), Sphaeropsis sapinea, and the Armillaria root rot fungi (Armillaria hinnulea, A. luteobubalina, A. novae-zealandi- ae, and A. pallidula). When chips were considered as the commodity, the risk potentials dropped from high to moderate for the two bark beetles and the ambrosia beetles and dropped from high to low for the Sirex woodwasp and the dampwood, giant, drywood, and subterranean termites. The risk potentials for the Diplodia shoot blight pathogen and the Armillaria root rot fungi dropped from moderate to low for the chip commodity. For those or- ganisms of concern that are associated with logs and chips of Australian Pinus, specifi c phytosanitary measures may be required to ensure the quarantine safety of proposed importations. Keywords: pest risk assessment, Pinus, pine, Australia, log importation, chip importation The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To fi le a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Offi ce of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. PEST RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPORTATION INTO THE UNITED STATES OF UNPROCESSED PINUS LOGS AND CHIPS FROM AUSTRALIA John T. Kliejunas Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Gregg A. DeNitto Andris Eglitis Dennis A. Haugen Michael I. Haverty Jessie A. Micales PEST RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PINUS IMPORTS FROM AUSTRALIA __________________________________ WOOD IMPORT PEST RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION EVALUATION TEAM Dr. Gregg A. DeNitto, Team Leader Forest Pathologist USDA Forest Service, CFFHP P.O. Box 7669 Missoula MT 59807 Dr. Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Dr. Michael I. Haverty Forest Mycologist (retired) Forest Entomologist (emeritus) USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Pacifi c Southwest Research Station 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr. 800 Buchanan Street, West Annex Building Madison, WI 53705-2398 Albany, CA 94710-0011 Dr. Andris Eglitis Dr. John T. Kliejunas Forest Entomologist Forest Pathologist (retired) USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service, SPF Central Oregon Insect and Disease Field Offi ce 1323 Club Drive 1001 SW Emkay Drive Vallejo, CA 94592 Bend, OR 97702 Dr. Jessie A. Micales Dr. Dennis A. Haugen Forest Pathologist Forest Entomologist USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service, St. Paul Field Offi ce Forest Products Laboratory 1992 Folwell Avenue 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive St. Paul, MN 55108 Madison, WI 53705-2398 ii ___________________________________ PEST RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PINUS IMPORTS FROM AUSTRALIA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Numerous individuals made valuable contributions to the success of the risk assessment project and to the site visits. At each location that the team and sub-teams visited, we were warmly received by local offi cials and consultants who helped us understand the local for- estry and resource management issues. Some of the key individuals who had prominent roles in coordinating the Canberra meetings and site visits to the states and who accompanied the team are: Canberra: Emmanuel Mireku (Biosecurity Australia) Queensland: Bruce Brown (retired), Judy King, and Ross Wylie (Queensland For- estry Research Institute) New South Wales: Jack Simpson (Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales) Victoria: Nick Collett, Simon Murphy, and Ian Smith (Victoria State Department of Natural Resources and Environment) Western Australia: Janet Farr and Richard Robinson (Department of Conservation and Land Management) Tasmania: Tim Wardlaw (Forestry Tasmania), David de Little (Gunns Ltd.) South Australia: Charlma Phillips (ForestrySA) Other individuals and organizations that provided valuable information are named in the Site Visit Reports in Appendix A. Portions of this document were extracted from the Chilean Pest Risk Assessment (USDA Forest Service 1993), the Mexican Pest Risk Assessment (Tkacz et al. 1998), the South American Pest Risk Assessment (Kliejunas et al. 2001), and the Australian Eucalyptus Pest Risk Assess- ment (Kliejunas et al. 2003). We thank the following colleagues for providing critical reviews of an earlier draft of this document: Mr. Dick Bashford Dr. Thomas C. Harrington Forest Entomology, Forestry Tasmania Department of Plant Pathology 79 Melville Street 221 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University Hobart, Tasmania 7000 Ames, Iowa 50011 Australia Kathleen Johnson Dr. Donald E. Bright Supervisor, Insect Pest Prevention C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity and Management Department of Bioagricultural Sciences Oregon Department of Agriculture, and Pest Management Plant Division Colorado State University 635 Capitol Street NE Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Salem, OR 97310 iii PEST RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PINUS IMPORTS FROM AUSTRALIA __________________________________ James LaBonte Christine Stone Survey Entomologist Program Leader – Forest Health Management Oregon Department of Agriculture, Forest Resources Research Plant Division NSW Department Primary Industries 635 Capitol Street NE 121-131 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Salem, OR 97310 Hills, New South Wales Australia Nancy K. Osterbauer, Ph.D. Senior Plant Pathologist Dr. Dorthea Zadig Oregon Department of Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Plant Division California Department of Food and Agricul- 635 Capitol Street NE ture Salem, OR 97310 1220 N Street, Room A-316 Sacramento, CA 95814 Dr Mike Ormsby Senior Adviser, Risk Analysis New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 101-103 The Terrace P.O Box 2526 Wellington, New Zealand iv ___________________________________ PEST RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PINUS IMPORTS FROM AUSTRALIA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The objectives of this risk assessment were to identify the exotic pest organisms (insects and pathogens) that may be introduced with imported unprocessed Pinus logs and chips from Australia, assess the likelihood of the introduction and establishment in the United States of selected representative pests of Pinus, and assess the potential economic and environmental impacts that these pests may have on forest resources if established in the United States. Current regulations require that unprocessed logs from temperate areas of Australia must be fumigated with methyl bromide or heat-treated to eliminate pests. Logs must be stored and handled to exclude access by pests after treatment (Title 7, CFR part 319.40-5(d), 319.40- 6 (a)). The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) requested that the Forest Service prepare a pest risk assessment that identifi es the potential insects and pathogens of several species of Pinus (P. radiata, P. elliottii var. elliottii, P. taeda, P. pinaster, and P. caribaea var. hondurensis) throughout Australia, estimates the likelihood of their entry on Australian logs and chips into the United States, and evaluates the economic, environmental, and social consequences of such an introduction. THE RISK ASSESSMENT TEAM A USDA Forest Service Wood Import Pest Risk Assessment and Mitigation Evaluation Team (WIPRAMET) conducted the assessment. The team was chartered by the Chief of the Forest