An overview of the historical development of the bassoon Part 1 in the series “A Bundle of Joy, handbook for the bassoon” by Maarten Vonk An e-book as a free gift on occasion to the outcome of the new website FagotAtelier Maarten Vonk The premier bassoon workshop in the Netherlands for more than 30 years, where bassoonists from all over the world feel at home. This is a free e-book and cannot be sold. But you can give it away as may times you like to other bassoon players! FagotAtelier Maarten Vonk, historical development of the bassoon 2013 An overview of the historical development of the bassoon Musicians have been travelers for centuries, a privilege they shared – often through necessity – with noblemen, peddlers, soldiers and pilgrims. They played in groups attached to bishoprics, courts of the nobility, towns, army battalions or theatrical companies for as long as the boss would pay them, and if a band or orchestra was reduced in ranks or done away with altogether, they would take themselves off to pastures new to show off their artistry. Wind players and percussionists, with their loud and portable instruments, often played in the open air at processions, celebrations or pitched battles. Double reed instruments were already being used on such occasions in classical antiquity, and the middle ages saw the development of instruments like the crumhorn, shawm, korholt and bombard, the last of which played in the bass register. In the Renaissance period, polyphonic music was played on instruments from the same family and a quartet of crumhorns or viols was then described as a consort. A first possible mention of the bassoon, or “fagotto”, occurs at the court of Ferrara, 1516, when a musician is named as “sonator de fagoth.” A range of names – curtal, dulcian, bassoon and fagotto (each one in a whole range of spellings) – were used to designate a bassoon-like instrument in those days. But “fagoth” could also possibly refer to the “phagotum,” a type of bagpipe documented in Ferrara, 1539, so the evidence is ambivalent. The dulcian was an instrument comprising a long piece of wood with two parallel bores machined through it. One of these bores went downwards, increasing in diameter, to a connecting piece at the foot of the instrument, from which the second bore travelled upwards with its diameter continuing to widen. This is how the characteristic double bore came about and we can still see this today as the basis for modern bassoons. A short bell was attached to the widest and highest part of the bore, as a sound amplifier, while a tapered, bent brass pipe was attached to the narrowest entrance to the bore, to which a double reed was attached as the mouthpiece. The dulcians, ranging in size from soprano to contra-bass, were often used to support church choirs, making sure they kept the correct pitch. The bass dulcian, also referred to as the Chorist bassoon when used for this job, appears to have been very flexible, with 2 keys and a range of 2 octaves and a fifth, (from C-g'), inspiring a number composers to write the earliest virtuoso compositions, including J.C. Böddecker’s “Sopra la Monica”, published in 1651. Click here for a new video. Thomas Oltheten is playing the dulcian with his own Apollo Ensemble. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HcBlybT-1C4 In general the pitches that were used depended on the pitch of the organ they would accompany, and included A = 440 and A = 466. FagotAtelier Maarten Vonk, historical development of the bassoon 2013 Antonio Vivaldi wrote over thirty bassoon concertos in the later Baroque period and J.S. Bach’s Orchestral Suites and cantatas contain extensive bassoon parts. Handel had a great success with his Concerti Grossi in England; his op. 3 contains solos for 2 bassoons playing in thirds. This music was played on the 4-keyed bassoon, which consisted of the bocal, the wing joint, the butt joint, the long joint and the bell. The pitch used for playing in those days varied quite widely. Nowadays, we generally use a Baroque pitch of A = 415 Hz, a semitone lower than the modern standard of 440 Hz. At that time, Denner was making bassoons in the French style in his Nuremberg workshop. Some of these have been preserved and they are the oldest signed bassoons. The surviving bassoon by Richard Haka (Amsterdam) is from the same period. The first four-piece bassoons were probably made by Hotteterre in France in the second half of the 17th century. Later on, Rameau also used the instrument in his works (up to high Bb). Compared with modern instruments, the pitch was really low (at A = 390 Hz). Manufacturers such as Prudent Thierrot and Porthaux also made a large number of bassoons with bocals of wood, brass or German silver. Savary Sr. worked in Paris from about 1788 until 1826. His son, Jean-Nicolas Savary Jr., was the solo bassoon player at the Théatre des Italiens in Paris. He started building bassoons in his own workshops in 1819/ 1820, and his instruments are still highly prized. The French bassoonists travelled from one court to the next and ended up bringing their instruments to England in 1680. One of the earliest English makers was Stanesby. Prompted by the changing music of Haydn, Mozart and other composers, the varying tonalities, larger ensembles, larger orchestras using more and more varied instrumentations, new solo works and so on, various manufacturers looked into the possibilities of enhancing the bassoon with a broader tone and greater projection. The expressive tenor register of the bassoon was ripe for exploitation. The first key was fitted to the wing joint in 1787, followed by further keys on the long joint and the butt joint. The overall pitch also changed, rising locally up to A = 430 Hz in Paris. This development in particular demanded major adaptations to all woodwind instruments. Carl August Grenser 1725-1807) came from Dresden. The instruments he manufactured were so fine that Leopold Mozart ordered some oboes and bassoons from him. However, his nephew, Heinrich Grenser was the first to give the bassoon a significant push forwards. He did so by enlarging the bore, changing the conical progression and ultimately extending the length of the bassoon. Heinrich shuffled off his mortal coil on December 12, 1813. In line with the traditions of the age, his surviving widow went on to marry the master craftsman at the workshop, Samuel Gottfried Wiesner. From then on, the instruments were stamped GRENSER-WIESNER. After the widow Grenser died, the name was cut back to just Wiesner. FagotAtelier Maarten Vonk, historical development of the bassoon 2013 The industrial revolution was sweeping through Europe. Ludwig van Beethoven was just 14 years old when the first steam train made its way through England in 1784. Interest in practical technology was growing apace. In the manufacture of woodwind instruments, greater attention was being focused on acoustics and applied physics. The tone holes were placed at more mathematically and acoustically correct positions, resulting in a change to the proportions of the bassoon. Carl Almenräder was born in Ronsdorf, now Wuppertal, on October 3, 1786. Almenräder later became a very fine bassoon player, performing solos throughout Europe. He was deeply interested in the theoretical principles behind the bassoon and took a job with the music publisher B. Schott & Söhne in Mainz. He published a papers on improvements to the bassoon and went on to develop a bassoon with 15 keys with shortened butt joint and extended wing joint, allowing the C# key to be fitted to the wing joint and leading to stable intonation and a better sound. Around about the same time in 1829, he wrote an article about reed-making. At Schott Almenräder worked some time with the instrument maker Jehring. Some years later he met the 18-year-old Johann Adam Heckel, who had the technical talent to develop needed to realise Almenräder’s ideas. This led to a close collaboration in 1831, the year we now regard as the foundation date for what was to become the firm of Wilhelm Heckel. Shortly before Almenräder’s death on September 14, 1843, his highly influential “Fagottschule” was published in German and French, for what was at the time a revolutionary bassoon with 17 keys. In 1839, James Goodyear developed the process of vulcanisation, which produced a watertight substance through the addition of sulfur to rubber. This process opened up the path for fitting the descending bore of the bassoon, in the wing and butt joints, with a smooth lining, which counteracted rot and thus extended the instrument’s lifespan. The Heckel company obtained a patent for the use of this hard rubber in 1889. FagotAtelier Maarten Vonk, historical development of the bassoon 2013 In 1847, the influential player Eugene Jancourt published his Theoretical and Practical Method for the Bassoon. He was a product of the Paris school of bassoon playing, epitomized in the second half of the 20th century by players such as Maurice Allard and later others including Gilbert Audin. Jancourt’s Method focuses on conspicuous virtuosity, an extremely important element of the French style, which led to many composers from that country to pack their music with virtuoso passages. New materials make their appearance Ebonite was used towards the end of the 19th century by manufacturers such as Boosey & Co, Mahillon and Rudall, Carte & Co to make a large number of bassoons. In 1873, at the World Fair in his home city of Vienna, Wenzel Braka displayed an ebonite bassoon with two wing joints, one for Viennese pitch and one for Paris pitch.