Feasibility Study Social protection in South Central Somalia Sophia Dunn & Mike Brewin March 2014 Cover Photo: Karel Prinsloo/©Adeso Sophia Dunn ([email protected]) and Mike Brewin ([email protected]) are Independent Consultants. Both are experienced in humanitarian programming in Somalia. The authors would like to express their thanks to Adeso for their support throughout the study. Thanks also to all the key informants and focus group discussion participants. This report represents the views of the consultants, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the partner organizations or donors. ACRONYMS ACF Action Contre la Faim CVMG Cash and Voucher Monitoring Group Adeso African Development Solutions (NGO) DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD) AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia DANIDA Danish International Development Agency ARTF Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Deyr The short rainy season Fund (September–December) ASAL Arid and Semi Arid Lands DFID Department for International BPHS Basic Provision of Health Development (United Services (Afghanistan) Kingdom) BRCiS Building Resilient DRC Democratic Republic of Communities in Somalia Congo CaLP Cash Learning Partnership DWP Decent Work Programme CAP Consolidated Appeals (Somaliland) Process EC European Commission CBO Community-based ECHO European Community organisation Humanitarian Office CBRWG Cash-based Response ERD European Report on Working Group Development CBT Community-Based ERP Economic Recovery Plan Targeting FAO (UN) Food and Agriculture CDC Community Development Organisation Committee FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Cesvi Cooperazione e sviuppo Systems Network CHAP Common Humanitarian FGD Focus Group Discussion Action Plan FGS Federal Government of CLP Chars Livelihood Somalia Programme (Bangladesh) FHH Female-headed COOPI Cooperazione household Internazionale FSI Failed State Index CPF Child Protection Fund (Zimbabwe) FSNAU Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit CRC Cash Relief Committee (FAO) CSP Centre of Social FSP Food Security Programme Protection GAM Global Acute Malnutrition CT-OVC Cash Transfer – Orphans and Vulnerable Children GDP Gross Domestic Product (CT-OVC) GoK Government of Kenya iv | P a g e Gu The main rainy season MoNKOAL Ministry of Northern (April–June) Kenya and Other Arid Lands Hawala Money transfer agents MoU Memorandum of HDDS Household Dietary Understanding Diversity Score MSF Médecins sans Frontières HDI Human Development Index MTO Money transfer operator HH Household NGO Non-Government Organisation HIV Human immunodeficiency virus NSP National Solidarity Programme (Afghanistan) HPG Humanitarian Policy Group NRC Norwegian Refugee Council HSNP Hunger Safety Net Programme (Kenya) OCHA (UN) Office for the Coordination of IASC Inter-Agency Standing Humanitarian Affairs Committee ODA Official Development IDP Internally Displaced Assistance People ODI Overseas Development IDS Institute of Development Institute Studies OECD Organisation for IHDI Inequality-adjusted Economic Co-operation Human Development and Development Index OIC Organisation of Islamic ILO International Labor Cooperation Organization OVC Orphans and Vulnerable IMF International Monetary Children Fund PDM Post-distribution INGO International Non- monitoring Governmental Organisation PNSP Productive Safety Net Programme (Ethiopia) IPC Integrated (Food Security) Phase Classification RFM Risk financing mechanism JAM Joint Assessment Mission SATG Somali Agriculture Technical Group M&E Monitoring and Evaluation SCI Save the Children International MDG Millennium Development Goal SIDA Sweden International Development Assistance MEB Minimum Expenditure Basket SoSh Somali Shilling MHH Male-headed household SP Social Protection MoH Ministry of Health v | P a g e SPIAC – B Social Protection Inter- UNDP United Nations agency Cooperation Development Programme Board UNICEF United Nations Children’s SRM Social Risk Management Fund SSA Sub-Saharan Africa US United States SSN Social Safety Net USD United States Dollar Programme (Northern VRC Village Relief Committee Somalia) WFP (UN) World Food SWF Social Welfare Fund Programme (Yemen) TFG Transitional Federal Government UK United Kingdom UN United Nations vi | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 6 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 8 PART 1: SOUTH CENTRAL SOMALIA ................................................................................. 10 What is social protection? 14 Key global frameworks of social protection 14 A working definition of social protection 16 The evolution of social protection programming 17 Social protection instruments 18 Who are the beneficiaries of social protection programmes? 20 What impact can social protection programmes achieve? 21 Who funds social protection? 23 How much does social protection cost? 24 PART 3: SOCIAL PROTECTION IN AFRICA AND IN FRAGILE STATES .......................... 25 Ethiopia: Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) 28 Kenya: 1. Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP) 29 Kenya: 2. Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) 30 Other African social protection programs 30 Social protection in fragile states 31 PART 4: SOCIAL PROTECTION IN SOUTH CENTRAL SOMALIA ..................................... 38 Vulnerability 38 Current social protection mechanisms in South Central Somalia 43 Key informants perspectives on the feasibility of expanding social protection 54 PART 5: PREDICTABLE HUMANITARIAN PROGRAMMES ............................................... 61 Establishing a Safety Net Programme 62 PART 6: THE WAY FORWARD ............................................................................................. 67 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 72 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 72 vii | P a g e LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Number of interviews and focus groups conducted ............................................................ 8 Table 2: Examples of social protection instruments and issues in fragile states ............................... 19 Table 3: Documented impacts of cash transfer programmes .......................................................... 21 Table 4: Civil society groups with a social protection focus ............................................................ 51 Table 5: Potential opportunities for setting up a formal social protection system ............................ 54 Table 6: Potential constraints/ barriers to setting up a formal social protection system ................... 55 Table 7: Summary of suggested way forward ................................................................................ 71 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Controlling authorities in South Central Somalia (as at 1 June 2013). ............................... 11 Figure 2: Epicenter of the of 2011 famine (July 2011) .................................................................... 13 Figure 3: Traditional location of major clans and sub-clans in the Horn of Africa (pre 1950) ............. 39 LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1: List of key informants ................................................................................................... 76 Annex 2: Study Terms of Reference ............................................................................................. 82 Annex 3: Prompt sheet for interview – Community Members (Focus Group Discussion) .................. 88 Annex 4: Prompt sheet for interview – Government Staff .............................................................. 90 Annex 5: Prompt sheet for interview – UN Agency and NGO staff .................................................. 94 Annex 6: Prompt sheet for interview – Donors ............................................................................. 98 Annex 7: Semi-structured interview guide - Other key informants ................................................ 102 Annex 8: OECD’s Ten Principles of Engagement in Fragile states .................................................. 104 Annex 9: Most recent IPC map: Most likely scenario (August to December 2013) ......................... 105 Annex 10: List of some key global social protection related strategies .......................................... 106 viii | P a g e EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent years, there has been a growing recognition by policy makers and the international development community that longer-term social protection programming has the potential to reduce poverty and inequality and serve as a foundation upon which, viable livelihoods can be built. In many countries, specially those that are frequently affected by climatic and conflict hazards, this has led to calls for a shift in approach away from interventions that simply address the symptoms of household vulnerability towards those which deal with the causes. For more than two decades Somalia has lurched from one humanitarian crisis to another. This debate around the potential of social protection is therefore particularly acute, as years of humanitarian programming seem to have had little impact on increasing household resilience to shocks.