A Systematic Literature Review of the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children: the Philippines UNICEF October 2016 A Systematic Literature Review of the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children in the Philippines Cover photograph: © UNICEF/SNoorani Design and layout: Beetlebugs Communications, Inc. © UNICEF Philippines 2016 Any part of this document may be freely reproduced with appropriate acknowledgement. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF. Unicef Office of Research - Innocenti and the University of Edinburgh supervised the research process. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF. This text has not been edited to official publications standards for the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti and UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. Suggested Citation: University of the Philippines Manila, The University of Edinburgh, Child Protection Network Foundation and UNICEF Philippines. A Systematic Review of the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children in the Philippines. Manila: UNICEF Philippines, 2016. Contents Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. Introduction – The Research to Policy and Practice Process ............................... 11 Chapter 2. The Political Economy of the Philippines .......................................................... 15 Chapter 3. The Child Protection System ......................................................................... 25 Chapter 4. Places ........................................................................................................ 34 Violence against Children in the Home ........................................................35 Violence against Children in Schools ........................................................... 47 Violence against Children in the Community ................................................ 56 Chapter 5. Types of Violence ........................................................................................69 Sexual Violence .......................................................................................69 Physical Violence .....................................................................................73 Emotional Violence ...................................................................................75 Chapter 6. Relationships ...............................................................................................79 Mothers and Children ............................................................................... 79 Fathers and Children ................................................................................. 80 Siblings and other Family Members ............................................................ 81 Partners and Peers ................................................................................... 82 Chapter 7. The Age/Gender Connection .......................................................................... 87 Chapter 8. Prevention................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 9. Unique and Emerging Issues and Areas for Further Research ............................. 97 Chapter 10. Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................................109 Annex A: Methodology ............................................................................................. 125 Annex B: List of Studies ........................................................................................... 129 Annex C: Additional References .................................................................................172 Annex D: Discussion of Laws and Policies ................................................................... 187 Annex E: Flowchart of the management of cases of child abuse, neglect and exploitation .............................................................................194 I Abbreviations ACADED Anti-Abuse and Discrimination Division ADB Asian Development Bank AO Administrative Order ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations C4D Communication for Development CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon CAR Cordillera Administrative Region CDWs Child domestic workers CET Competency Enhancement Training CIAC Children involved in armed conflict CICL Children in conflict with the law CIU Crisis Intervention Units CNSP Children in Need of Special Protection System CPCP Comprehensive Programme on Child Protection CPN Child Protection Network CPU Child Protection Unit CRIN Child Rights International Network CSEC Commercial sexual exploitation of children CWC Council for the Welfare of Children DRDF Demographic Research and Development Foundation Inc. DepEd Department of Education DHS Demographic and Health Survey DOH Department of Health DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development EPCAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography, and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes EVRMC Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center FDS Family development session FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting FSW Family Support Worker GDP Gross Domestic Product GIF Governance Indicator Framework HARP HIV/AIDS and ART Registry of the Philippines HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Virus IACACP Inter-agency Council Against Child Pornography IAC-VAWC Inter-Agency Council against Violence against Women and Children ICT Information and communication technology IHBSS Integrated HIV Behavioral and Serologic Surveillance INGO International Non-governmental Organization IPV Intimate partner violence JJWA Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act LCPC Local Council for the Protection of Children LGBT Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender MACR Minimum age of criminal responsibility MDG Millennium Development Goal II MDSW Manila Department of Social Welfare MIMAROPA Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front MMDA Metropolitan Manila Development Authority MNLF Muslim National Liberation Front MPD Manila Police District MSM Men who have sex with men NBI National Bureau of Investigation NBS VAC National Baseline Survey on Violence Against Children NCR National Capital Region NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey NHTS-PR National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction NGO Non-governmental Organization NPAC National Plan of Action for Children NSCB National Statistical Coordinating Board NSO National Statistics Office OFW Overseas Filipino Worker OPAPP Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process PCMPL Philippine Code of Muslim Personal Laws PD Presidential Decree PECK Personal Experience Checklist PES Parent Effectiveness Service PhilHealth Philippine Health Insurance Corporation PNP Philippine National Police PPAC Philippine Plan of Action R3P Research to Policy and Practice Process RA Republic Act CPC Special Committee for the Protection of Children SDG UN Sustainable Development Goal SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos SLR Systematic literature review STI Sexually Transmitted Infection UN United Nations UNCRC United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child UNESCO United Nations Organization for Education, Science, and Culture UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UP-PGH University of the Philippines- Philippine General Hospital VAC Violence Against Children VAW Violence against women VAWC Violence against women and children WCP Webcam Child Prostitution WCPU Women and Child Protection Unit WCST Webcam child sex tourism WHO World Health Organization YAFS Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study III Acknowledgements This report was written by Dr. Deborah Fry from the University of Edinburgh (UoE), Dr. Noel Juban from the University of the Philippines, Manila (UP Manila), Dr. Sandra Hernandez and Dr. Bernadette Madrid from the Child Protection Network Foundation (CPN) and the University of the Philippines, and Faye Balanon, Sarah Norton-Staal, Maria Margarita Ardivilla, Marie Michelle Munoz and Leila Coppens from UNICEF Philippines. The report utilises methodology developed by Dr. M. Catherine Maternowska at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti called the ‘Research to Policy and Practice Process’, building on learning from the Multi-Country Study of the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children. The systematic review of evidence on the drivers of violence against children was overseen by Dr. Noel Juban, UP Manila, who worked with a team including James Salisi, Sheila Lavina, Lee-Ann Caro and Joreb Cruz to gather, document, analyse and write-up findings from the grey literature in the Philippines. Dr. Deborah Fry led a team including Kristin Childers-Buschle, Zain Kurdi, Dr. Eilidh Moir and Tabitha Casey from UoE to conduct the systematic review of peer-reviewed journal articles and international literature. The writing team (Drs Fry, Juban, Hernandez, Madrid, and Norton-Staal and Faye Balanon) worked together to analyse, synthesise, write and edit the final report.