Industrial Paternalism and Town Planning in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, 1923–1955 Neil White

Industrial Paternalism and Town Planning in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, 1923–1955 Neil White

Document généré le 26 sept. 2021 01:31 Urban History Review Revue d'histoire urbaine Creating Community: Industrial Paternalism and Town Planning in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, 1923–1955 Neil White Volume 32, numéro 2, spring 2004 Résumé de l'article Au début du XXe siècle, de nombreuses industries extractives primaires URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1015716ar construisent des villes fermées aux zones frontières nord-américaines où se DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1015716ar trouvent les ressources. Les administrateurs d’entreprise espèrent ainsi que l’injection massive de capital dans les zones reculées, sous la forme Aller au sommaire du numéro d’aménagement urbain, garantira une main-d’œuvre compétente et très en demande, et augmentera le rendement dans l’ensemble. La ville de pâtes et papiers Corner Brook, à l’ouest de Terre-Neuve, en est un exemple probant, Éditeur(s) quoique largement ignoré. Le présent article décrit les motivations paternalistes et utilitaires des entreprises à l’égard de la mise sur pied de Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine collectivités mono-industrielles à cette époque. Mais il va plus loin en offrant une approche nouvelle et critique de la question du développement des ISSN collectivités mono-industrielles. Les premières sociétés multinationales cherchaient à garantir un emplacement « sur le terrain » par l’aménagement 0703-0428 (imprimé) de la nature et l’administration de la communauté. Au même moment, les 1918-5138 (numérique) résidents de Corner Brook, quoique contraints à cause de leur dépendance à une seule industrie, ont négocié de multiples façons leur propre communauté Découvrir la revue distincte, physiquement et socialement. Le lien général-particulier entre la planification de l’entreprise, la réaction des résidents de la localité et le changement rend l’étude des villes fermées complexes, celles-ci étant Citer cet article généralement dépeintes sous l’angle de l’exploitation descendante stricte par l’entreprise d’une main-d’œuvre « captive ». White, N. (2004). Creating Community: Industrial Paternalism and Town Planning in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, 1923–1955. Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 32(2), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.7202/1015716ar All Rights Reserved © Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 2004 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Creating Community: Industrial Paternalism and Town Planning in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, 1923-1955 Neil White Abstract Introduction In the early twentieth century numerous primary extrac• The single-industry community looms large in the history of late- tive industries constructed company towns on the resource 19th and 20th-century Canada.1 In 1971, sociologist Rex Lucas frontiers of North America. Company directors hoped noted the existence of 636 such towns, with a combined popu• that massive capital infusion in remote areas in the form lation of just over 900,000, and in 1986 historian Oiva Saarinen of planned towns would secure a much-needed skilled showed that 25 per cent of Canadians living outside metropoli• workforce and generally increase returns. The pulp and tan areas were residents of single-sector communities.2 During paper town of Corner Brook in western Newfoundland the latter half of the 1800s various industrialists began to exploit is a significant, but largely neglected case in point. This Canada's untapped timber and mineral resources. The settle• paper details the paternalist and utilitarian motivations of ment of a workforce had to accompany these developments. companies for single-industry community construction at Settlements most often took the form of "company towns": com• this time. More importantly, however, it offers a new and munities constructed, owned, administered by, and dependent critical approach to the issue of single-industry commu• upon a sole industrial enterprise. They were characterized by a nity development. Early multinational companies sought marked degree of industrial paternalism grounded in a utilitar• to secure a place "on the ground" through comprehensive ian business ethic. Employers sought to "control" or administer planning and community administration. At the same time, the lives of their workers, the majority of residents, in order to residents of Corner Brook, though constrained by depend• ensure a stable, efficient workforce and secure a profit. At the ence on the sole industry, negotiated their own physically same time, residents created community by engaging in vari• and socially distinct community in a variety of ways. The ous forms of negotiation with the companies.3 global-local nexus of company planning, resident response, This paper explains how patemalistically minded companies and change introduces a complexity into the study of com• influenced by ideas of model town planning established "in• pany towns that are generally portrayed in terms of rigid stant" single-industry resource communities on the margins of top-down company exploitation of a "captive" workforce. North American settlement in the early 20th century. In Corner Brook, residents modified these top-down and foreign planning Résumé practices over time, creating a community that was markedly Au début du XXe siècle, de nombreuses industries extrac• physically different from original company plans. It was also self• tives primaires construisent des villes fermées aux zones consciously localist, despite residents' continued dependence frontières nord-américaines où se trouvent les ressources. on global capital. The early history of Corner Brook shows that Les administrateurs d'entreprise espèrent ainsi que l'in- resource communities were not simply creations of global capi• jection massive de capital dans les zones reculées, sous la tal but were shaped to a significant extent by the local dynam• forme d'aménagement urbain, garantira une main-d'œuvre ics of formal and informal resident negotiation with the industrial compétente et très en demande, et augmentera le rende• hegemon. The planning and negotiation nexus between the po• ment dans l'ensemble. La ville de pâtes et papiers Corner larities of global capital and local community creation at Corner Brook, à l'ouest de Terre-Neuve, en est un exemple probant, Brook also provides tantalizing glimpses of direct antecedents quoique largement ignoré. Le présent article décrit les to the "distant proximities" evident in contemporary trends to• motivations paternalistes et utilitaires des entreprises à wards globalization.4 A global-local approach that stresses the l'égard de la mise sur pied de collectivités mono-indus• interaction among company, town planners, and residents is trielles à cette époque. Mais il va plus loin en offrant une uncommon in Canadian and international treatments of planned approche nouvelle et critique de la question du dévelop• industrial towns and provides a new and critical mode of inquiry pement des collectivités mono-industrielles. Les premières into the development of resource communities elsewhere. The sociétés multinationales cherchaient à garantir un empla• numerous Newfoundland single-industry towns like Corner cement « sur le terrain » par l'aménagement de la nature et Brook are virtually "untouched" academic subjects. This pro• l'administration de la communauté. Au même moment, les vides a distance from which to assess, incorporate, and modify résidents de Corner Brook, quoique contraints à cause claims made about similar mainland Canadian communities in de leur dépendance à une seule industrie, ont négocié de the same period. multiples façons leur propre communauté distincte, physi• quement et socialement. Le lien général-particulier entre la It is essential to define industrial paternalism, utilitarianism, and planification de l'entreprise, la réaction des résidents de dependence as they relate to this study. Virtually every scholar la localité et le changement rend l'étude des villes fermées who has written about company towns has reiterated these complexes, celles-ci étant généralement dépeintes sous l'an• interrelated characteristics. Industrial paternalism is a method of gle de l'exploitation descendante stricte par l'entreprise business administration whereby a company decides what is in d'une main-d'œuvre « captive ». the best interests of its workers in a manner suggestive of a fa• ther's dealings with his children. The term describes the parent• like authority exercised by a company over its employees, and, in company towns, the residents as well. There is also a 45 Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire Vol. XXXII, No. 2 (Spring 2004 printemps) Creating Community linked utilitarian philosophy underpinning the construction and to an extent, company paternalism, utilitarianism, and depend• administration of single-industry communities. Utilitarianism, ence appeared at Corner Brook East and West. There were when applied from a business perspective, means that com• also positive effects of the Humber Development; it was not pany decisions should be geared primarily

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