Luminescent Behavior of American and Canadian Banknotes Bc. Ondrej Halaska Master's thesis 2016 ABSTRAKT Diplomová práce se primárně zabývá americkými a kanadskými bankovkami, respektive jejich ochrannými prvky zahrnujícími luminiscenční jev. Každá nominální hodnota je nejprve podrobena analýze v ultrafialové oblasti elektromagnetického spektra a následně jsou zjištěna místa, respektive ochranné prvky vykazující luminiscenci, které jsou poté analyzovány na spektrofluorometrickém přístroji. Práce také obsahuje souhrn klíčových ochranných prvků zmiňovaných bankovek pořízených pod stereomikroskopem. Navíc práce popisuje všeobecnou historii platidel, historii jejich padělání a všeobecné in- formace týkající se bankovek, respektive substrátu, ze kterého jsou vyrobeny, metody je- jich tisku a všech možných ochranných prvků. Klíčová slova: americký dolar, kanadský dolar, ochranné prvky, luminiscence, spektros- kopie ABSTRACT Master‟s thesis is primary focused on American and Canadian banknotes, with special respect to their security features which evince luminescence. Firstly, every denomination is examined in the ultraviolet electromagnetic spectrum and then places, especially lumines- cent security features are detected and examined on the spectrofluorometer. Thesis in- cludes general summary of key security features of mentioned banknotes which were rec- orded by stereomicroscope as well. In addition, thesis describes general money history, history of counterfeiting and general information concerning of banknotes, especially the substrate of banknotes, printing pro- cesses and all security features. Keywords: American dollar, Canadian dollar, security features, luminescence, spectrosco- py ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank you to my supervisor, doc. RNDr. Vojtěch Křesálek, CSc. for pre- cious impulses, advices, comments and ideas during creating of Master‟s thesis as well as for helpfulness and willingness. Especially I would like to thank you to all family members, friends and girlfriend who were supporting me during the whole study and in creating of Master‟s thesis. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 11 I. THEORY .................................................................................................................... 12 1 GENERAL MONEY HISTORY ......................................................................... 13 2 GENERAL HISTORY OF MONEY COUNTERFEITING .............................. 15 3 GENERAL OVEVIEW ABOUT BANKNOTES ................................................ 16 3.1 WHAT ARE BANKNOTES MADE FROM ....................................................... 16 3.1.1 PAPER BANKNOTES .......................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 POLYMER BANKNOTES ..................................................................................... 18 3.1.3 HYBRID BANKNOTES ........................................................................................ 19 3.2 PRINTING OF BANKNOTES ............................................................................ 20 3.2.1 INTAGLIO ......................................................................................................... 20 3.2.2 LETTERPRESS ................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3 OFFSET ............................................................................................................ 22 3.2.4 SCREEN PRINTING ............................................................................................ 23 3.3 SECURITY FEATURES ..................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 PAPER .............................................................................................................. 25 3.3.2 WATERMARK ................................................................................................... 25 3.3.3 SECURITY THREAD ........................................................................................... 27 3.3.4 SECURITY FIBER ............................................................................................... 27 3.3.5 SECURITY RIBBON ............................................................................................ 27 3.3.6 HIDDEN FEATURE ............................................................................................. 28 3.3.7 EURION CONSTELLATION ................................................................................ 29 3.3.8 OVI (OPTICAL VARIABLE INK) ......................................................................... 30 3.3.9 IRIDESCENT INK ............................................................................................... 30 3.3.10 MICROPRINTING ............................................................................................... 31 3.3.11 LUMINESCENT PRINTING .................................................................................. 31 3.3.12 INFRARED PRINTING ......................................................................................... 32 3.3.13 NUMBERING ..................................................................................................... 33 3.3.14 PLANCHET ....................................................................................................... 33 3.3.15 KINEGRAM/ HOLOGRAM ................................................................................... 34 3.3.16 MICROPERFORATION ........................................................................................ 34 3.3.17 MAGNETIC INK................................................................................................. 35 3.3.18 RFID ............................................................................................................... 35 4 AMERICAN DOLLAR ........................................................................................ 37 4.1 HISTORY OF AMERICAN DOLLAR ............................................................... 37 4.2 HISTORY OF U.S. CURRENCY COUNTERFEITING ................................... 41 4.3 SECURITY FEATURES ..................................................................................... 42 4.3.1 FEDERAL RESERVE SEAL .................................................................................. 42 4.3.2 FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM SEAL ..................................................................... 42 4.3.3 TREASURY SEAL .............................................................................................. 43 4.3.4 RAISED PRINTING ............................................................................................. 43 4.3.5 PAPER .............................................................................................................. 43 4.3.6 PORTRAIT AND VIGNETTE ................................................................................. 44 4.3.7 SERIAL NUMBERS ............................................................................................. 46 4.3.8 SERIES YEARS .................................................................................................. 46 4.3.9 MICROPRINTING ............................................................................................... 47 4.3.10 SYMBOLS OF FREEDOM..................................................................................... 48 4.3.11 COLOR ............................................................................................................. 50 4.3.12 3-D SECURITY RIBBON ..................................................................................... 51 4.3.13 BELL IN THE INKWELL ...................................................................................... 51 4.3.14 UV AND IR FLUORESCENT INK ......................................................................... 52 4.3.15 MAGNETIC INK................................................................................................. 53 4.3.16 WATERMARK ................................................................................................... 53 4.3.17 EURION CONSTELLATION ................................................................................ 54 4.3.18 OPTICAL VARIABLE INK ................................................................................... 54 4.4 LIFE CYCLE ....................................................................................................... 55 4.4.1 DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 55 4.4.2 ORDER ............................................................................................................. 55 4.4.3 PRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 56 4.4.4 ISSUANCE ......................................................................................................... 56 4.4.5 CIRCULATION ................................................................................................... 56 4.5 THE LIFESPAN OF U.S. CURRENCY ............................................................. 56 5 CANADIAN DOLLAR ........................................................................................ 58 5.1 HISTORY OF CANADIAN DOLLAR ............................................................... 58 5.2 HISTORY OF CANADIAN CURRENCY COUNTERFEITING ..................... 60 5.3 SECURITY FEATURES ....................................................................................