Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Detection and Identification of seed-borne- fungi of Some sorghum varieties under different storage Condition in Sudan ﻛﺷف وﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻣوﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑذور ﺑﻌض أﺻﻧﺎف اﻟذرة ﺗﺣت ظروف ﺗﺧزﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.Sc. Degree in Plant Protection By: Ashraf Mohi Eldien Mohammed Dawod Sudan University of Science and Technology Department of Plant Protection B.Sc. Agric. (Honors), 2003. Supervisor: Dr. Ibrahim Saeed Mohamed Department of Plant Protection College of Agricultural Studies -Shambat Sudan University of Science and Technology 2016 اﻵﯾﺔ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ: ﺑﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﮫ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ وَﻗَﺎلَ اﻟْﻤَﻠِﻚُ إِﻧِّﻲ أَر َى ٰ ﺳَﺒْﻊَ ﺑَﻘَﺮ َاتٍ ﺳِﻤَﺎنٍ ﻳَﺄْﻛُﻠُﻬُﻦﱠ ﺳَﺒْﻊٌ ﻋِﺠَﺎف ٌ وَﺳَﺒْﻊَ ﺳُﻨْﺒَُتٍ ﺧُﻀ ْﺮٍ وَأُﺧَﺮ َ ﻳ َﺎ ﻳَﺎﺑِﺴَﺎتٍ ◌ۖأَﻳﱡﻬ َﺎ اﻟْﻤ ََُ أَﻓْﺘُﻮﻧِﻲ ﻓِﻲ ر ُؤْﻳَﺎيَ إِن ْ ﻛُﻨْﺘُﻢ ْ ﻟِﻠﺮﱡؤْﻳَﺎ ﺗَﻌْﺒُﺮ ُون َ ﻗ َ ﺎﻟُﻮا[43] أ َﺿ ْﻐ َ ﺎث ُ أ َﺣ ْ َم ٍ ◌ۖ و َﻣ َﺎ ﻧَﺤ ْﻦ ُ ﺑِﺘَﺄْوِﻳﻞِ اَْﺣ َْمِ ﺑِﻌَﺎﻟِﻤِﻴﻦ َ و َﻗَﺎلَ [44] اﻟﱠﺬِي ﻧَﺠ َﺎ ﻣِﻨْﻬ ُﻤ َﺎ و َادﱠﻛَﺮ َ ﺑ َﻌ ْﺪَ أُﻣﱠﺔٍ أَﻧَﺎ أُﻧَﺒ ِّﺌُﻜُﻢ ْ ﺑِﺘَﺄْوِﻳﻠِﻪِ ﻓَﺄَر ْﺳِﻠُﻮنِ [45] ﻳُﻮﺳُﻒ ُ أَﻳﱡﻬَﺎ اﻟﺼ ّ ِﺪِّﻳﻖُ أَﻓْﺘِﻨَﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺳَﺒْﻊِ ﺑَﻘَﺮ َاتٍ ﺳِﻤَﺎنٍ ﻳَﺄْﻛُﻠُﻬُﻦﱠ ﺳَﺒْﻊٌ ﻋِﺠَﺎف ٌ وَﺳَﺒْﻊِ ﺳُﻨْﺒَُتٍ ﺧُﻀ ْﺮٍ وَأُﺧَﺮ َ ﻳَﺎﺑِﺴَﺎتٍ ﻟَﻌَﻠِّﻲ أَر ْﺟِﻊُ إِﻟَﻰ اﻟﻨﱠﺎس ِ ﻟَﻌَﻠﱠﻬُﻢ ْ ﻳَﻌْﻠَﻤ ﻗَﺎلَُﻮن َ ﺗَﺰْر [46]َﻋُﻮن َ ﺳَﺒْﻊَ ﺳِﻨِﻴﻦ َ دَأَﺑ ًﺎ ﻓَﻤَﺎ ﺣ َﺼ َﺪْﺗُﻢ ْ ﻓَﺬَر ُوهُ ﻓِﻲ ﺳ ُﻨْﺒ ُﻠِﻪِ إِﱠ ﻗَﻠِﻴً ﻣِﻤﱠﺎ ﺗَﺄْﻛُﻠُ ﻮن َ [47] ﺛ ُﻢ ﱠ ﻳَﺄْﺗِﻲ ﻣِﻦ ْ ﺑَﻌْﺪِ ذَٰﻟِﻚَ ﺳَﺒ ْﻊ ٌ ﺷِﺪَادٌ ﻳَﺄْﻛُﻠْﻦ َﻗَﺪﱠﻣ ﻣ َﺎْﺘُﻢ ْ ﻟَﻬ ُﻦﱠ إِﱠ ﻗَﻠِﻴً ﻣ ِ ﻤ ﱠﺎ ﺗ ُﺤ ْ ﺼ ِ ﻨ ﺛُﻢﱠ ُﻮن ﻳ َ َﺄْﺗِﻲ [48]ﻣِﻦ ْ ﺑ َﻌ ْﺪِ ذَٰﻟِﻚَ ﻋَﺎم ٌ ﻓِﻴﻪِ ﻳ ُﻐَ ﺎث ُ اﻟﻨﱠﺎس ُ و َ ﻓِﻴﻪ ِ ﻳ َﻌ ْ ﺼ ِ ﺮ ُ ون َ [49] ﺻﺪق اﻟﻠﮫ اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ ﺳﻮرة ﯾﻮﺳﻒ(49-43) I Dedication To My: Family, Teachers And every Friends. II Acknowledgments All thanks are due to Almighty Allah (SWT) who gave me health and strength, and helped me tremendously to produce this work. I would like to express my thanks to my supervisor Dr. Ibrahim Saeed Mohamed College of Agricultural studies, Sudan University of science and technology, who devoted most of his time to teach us on various disciplines of scientific research. Also Special Thanks are due to my colleagues at the M.Sc. who helped me during the experiments. Grateful thanks are due to all the staff of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology. III List of Contents Title Page No. I............................................................................................................ اﻵﯾﺔ Dedication............................................................................................... II Acknowledgments ................................................................................. III List of Contents...................................................................................... IV List of Tables ....................................................................................... VII List of Figures ..................................................................................... VIII ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... IX X ..................................................................................................... اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................... 4 LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................... 4 2.1 Sorghum ......................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Scientific classification ................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Description ................................................................................... 5 2 .1.3. Taxonomy .................................................................................. 6 2 .1.4. Uses ........................................................................................... 7 2.1.5. Sorghum environmental requirement: ......................................... 8 2.1.5.1. Water: ...................................................................................... 8 2.1.5.2. Soils: ........................................................................................ 8 2.1.5.3. Temperature: ............................................................................ 9 2.1.5.4. Sowing date: ............................................................................ 9 2.2. Seed borne diseases:....................................................................... 9 2.3. Seed borne diseases of sorghum ................................................... 11 2.3.1 Phoma sorghina .......................................................................... 11 IV 2.3.2 Bipolaris sorghicola (Lefebvre & Sherwin) Alcorn) .................. 12 2.3.3. Fusarium moniliforme: .............................................................. 13 2.3.4. Aspergillus ssp .......................................................................... 14 2.3.4. 1. Synonym or Cross Reference: ............................................... 14 2.3.4.2 Characteristics: ........................................................................ 15 2.3.4.3 Pathogenicity/ Toxicity: .......................................................... 15 2.3.5. Alternaria. sp. ........................................................................... 16 2.3.6. Colletotrichum graminicola ....................................................... 17 2.4. Storage methods of sorghum in the Sudan.................................... 19 2.4.1. Farmers' stores .......................................................................... 19 2.4. 2. Sweiba ..................................................................................... 19 2.4. 3. Gugus ....................................................................................... 19 2.4. 4. In-hut storage ........................................................................... 20 2.4. 5. Matmoras (underground pits) ................................................... 20 2.4. 6. Traders/Merchants stores ......................................................... 20 2.4. 7. Central stores (large-scale warehouses) .................................... 21 2.4. 8. Silo storage: ............................................................................. 21 2.5. Management of seed-borne fungal diseases/pathogens ................. 21 2.5.1 Seed treatment ........................................................................... 22 2.5.2 Effects of seed treatment on control of seed-borne pathogens ... 22 2.5.2.1 Physical control measures ....................................................... 22 2.5.2.2 Mechanical control measures .................................................. 23 2.5.2.3 Biological control measures .................................................... 23 2.5.2.4 Chemical control measures...................................................... 23 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................... 24 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................... 24 3.1. Study location: ............................................................................. 24 3.2. Collection of samples: .................................................................. 24 3.3. Methods for the detection of seed borne fungal pathogens: .......... 25 V 3.3.1. Dry Seed Inspection: ................................................................. 25 3.3.2. Blotter method: ......................................................................... 25 3.3.3. Agar Method: ............................................................................ 26 3.3.4 Isolation and identification: ....................................................... 26 3.3.5 Effect of storage ......................................................................... 26 3.3.6 Statistical analysis ...................................................................... 27 CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................. 28 RESULTS .............................................................................................. 28 4.1. Detection and occurrence percentage of fungal species on seeds of different sorghum genotypes using Agar method ................................ 28 4.2. Detection and occurrence percentage of fungal species on seeds samples of different sorghum genotypes using Filter method .............. 30 4.3. Effect of storage conditions on frequency of occurrence percentages of fungi on seeds samples of sorghum using Agar method ............................................................................................................ 32 4.4. Effect of storage conditions on frequency of occurrence percentages of fungi on seeds samples of sorghum using Fitter method ............................................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................... 36 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 36 Conclusion: ........................................................................................