WASH Components of the Situation Analysis of Children and Women, Afghanistan, 2013 Situation Analysis of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector in Relation to the Fulfilment of the Rights of Children and Women in Afghanistan, 2013 Final - 31 Aug 2013 Reductions in manifestations of Children and women attain Access to deprivation their human rights improved water and Reduced U5 mortality Right to water and sanitation sanitation and Reduced maternal mortality Rights to life, health and practice of Access to quality primary dignity good hygiene education Right to education behaviours in Afghanistan Reduced risk of violence, abuse or Right to a life without exploitation violence, abuse or explotation Sarah House WASH Consultant on behalf of UNICEF, Afghanistan 1 WASH Components of the Situation Analysis of Children and Women, Afghanistan, 2013 Acknowledgements Sincere thanks to all associated with the WASH sector and outside who gave up their time to participate in the process of development of the WASH components of the Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Afghanistan, 2013. In particular thanks to the family members, school children, teachers, CDC members, Government officials (RRD, MoE, MoPH) and Civil Society Organisations in Bamyan who gave up their time to share experiences and opinions; and to the representatives of civil society organisations, embassies, multilateral and UN agencies who took part in the national stakeholder workshop, provided time for meetings or provided support and information by email. Particular thanks also to the representatives of the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Urban Development Affairs in Kabul who were involved in planning for the process, organising and co-facilitating the national workshop, participation in various meetings and / or providing support by email; as well as to the representatives of the various UNICEF Sections, the SitAn management team and the UNICEF WASH team who managed and facilitated the process throughout. Apologies to those who it was not possible to meet, but much appreciation for your inputs provided by email. It has been a pleasure to work with the WASH sector in Afghanistan to learn more about the successes as well as challenges faced; and to be able to support this analysis. It is hoped that it will contribute to the sector attracting additional attention and resources; and in turn to be able to assist a greater number of children and women of Afghanistan to attain their human rights through increased safe access to accessible improved water and sanitation and the practice of good hygiene For a list of contributors to the process please refer to Annex 3. 2 WASH Components of the Situation Analysis of Children and Women, Afghanistan, 2013 Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................... 2 Tables ............................................................................................... 7 Figures ............................................................................................. 8 Terminology and classifications ................................................. 10 Acronyms ....................................................................................... 11 Part I - Executive Summary .......................................................... 13 1. Executive summary ...................................................................................... 14 Part II - Process and methodology .............................................. 31 2. Introduction ................................................................................................. 32 3. SitAn objectives, approaches and steps........................................................ 32 4. Schedule, involvement of sector stakeholders, information gathering framework ................................................................................................... 34 Part III - Findings - Situation Analysis of the WASH Sector in Relation to the Fulfilment of the Rights of Children and Women ........................................................................................................ 37 5. Introduction to the WASH Components of the SitAn .................................... 38 6. WASH related causality analysis ................................................................... 38 6.1 Link between the 4 manifestations of deprivation and human rights .................... 38 6.2 Link between WASH and the 4 manifestations of deprivation ............................... 41 7. Status of key indicators and trends .............................................................. 47 7.1 Basic statistics ..................................................................................................... 47 7.2 Water supply at the household level .................................................................... 49 7.2.1 Water supply access and definitions .......................................................................................... 49 7.2.2 Water supply technologies......................................................................................................... 53 7.2.3 Progress on water supply infrastructure by province ................................................................ 53 7.2.4 Sustainability of rural water points ............................................................................................ 55 7.2.5 Payments for water supply ........................................................................................................ 58 7.3 Water quality ...................................................................................................... 58 7.3.1 Water quality problems ............................................................................................................. 58 7.3.2 Water quality laboratories and surveillance systems ................................................................ 60 3 WASH Components of the Situation Analysis of Children and Women, Afghanistan, 2013 7.3.3 Household water treatment and safe storage ........................................................................... 63 7.4 Sanitation at the household level ......................................................................... 64 7.4.1 Sanitation access and definitions ............................................................................................... 64 7.4.2 Sanitation technologies ............................................................................................................. 67 7.4.3 Progress on sanitation infrastructure by province and context ................................................. 69 7.4.4 Institutional responsibilities for sanitation ................................................................................ 72 7.4.5 Sustainability of sanitation ........................................................................................................ 73 7.5 Hygiene behaviours and the promotion of good practices .................................... 74 7.5.1 Key hygiene behaviours ............................................................................................................. 74 7.5.2 Measuring hygiene related behaviours ..................................................................................... 75 7.5.3 Hygiene related practices .......................................................................................................... 75 7.5.4 Hygiene promotion / communication for good water, sanitation and hygiene ........................ 79 7.6 WASH vulnerabilities by province ........................................................................ 80 7.7 School WASH ....................................................................................................... 83 7.7.1 Ministry of Education and school WASH overview .................................................................... 83 7.7.2 Current WASH in schools data ................................................................................................... 85 7.7.3 Water, sanitation and hand-washing practices in schools ........................................................ 86 7.7.4 Teaching of hygiene in schools & training of teachers .............................................................. 89 7.7.5 School WASH infrastructure, standards and operation and maintenance ................................ 89 7.7.6 Menstrual hygiene management and WASH in schools ............................................................ 90 7.7.7 Child Friendly Schools and integration of WASH into core Education Sector policies, strategies and programmes........................................................................................................................ 94 7.7.8 School WASH - ensuring the rights of girls and boys in Afghanistan to a quality education ..... 94 7.8 Health & Nutrition sector engagement and health facility related WASH ............. 97 7.8.1 Ministry of Public Health and integration of WASH into Health and Nutrition sector programmes............................................................................................................................... 97 7.8.2 Current status of WASH and infection control in health care .................................................... 99 7.8.3 Training of health & nutrition staff in WASH and WASH promotion ....................................... 103 7.8.4 Integration of WASH