13, place Vendôme – 75042 Paris Cedex 01 Telephone: 01 44 77 25 75 www.justice.gouv.fr 2 3 THE MEMORIAL MUSEUM OF SOCIETIES FACING TERRORISM Preparatory assignment Report to the Prime Minister Henry Rousso and Myriam Achari, Rachid Azizi, Rachid Azzouz, Alice Bombardier, Valérie Brisard, Clifford Chanin, Isabelle Chaudieu, Marc Crépon, Jacques Fredj, Olivier Grémont, Emmanuelle Iardella-Blanc, Élisabeth Pelsez, Denis Peschanski, Jenny Raflik-Grenouilleau, Adeline Rispal, Esther Shalev-Gerz, Brigitte Sion, Michel Wieviorka March 2020 4 CONTENTS PRIME MINISTER’S ENGAGEMENT LETTER ........................................................................................................ 7 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................. 9 I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 13 A. WHY A MEMORIAL MUSEUM? ........................................................................................................................ 13 B. DEFINING TERRORISM ................................................................................................................................... 15 1. The appearance of the term ............................................................................................................... 15 2. The legal definitions ........................................................................................................................... 16 3. The scientific definitions ..................................................................................................................... 18 4. A working definition ........................................................................................................................... 19 C. TERRORISM IN FRANCE ................................................................................................................................. 20 II. THE PREPARATORY PROJECT ................................................................................................................. 27 A. THE ORIGINS OF THE PROJECT ......................................................................................................................... 27 B. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND PARTNER INSTITUTIONS .......................................................................................... 30 C. THE COMPOSITION OF THE PROJECT TEAM......................................................................................................... 30 D. THE ROLE OF VICTIM ASSOCIATIONS ................................................................................................................. 32 E. WORKING METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 33 III. MUSEUMS AND MEMORIALS DEDICATED TO TERRORISM .................................................................... 37 A. MEMORIALS AROUND THE WORLD .................................................................................................................. 37 B. THE SITES VISITED......................................................................................................................................... 48 C. FRENCH MEMORIALS .................................................................................................................................... 54 IV. THE GENERAL CONCEPT: A UNIQUE PLACE ............................................................................................ 63 A. LOCATION .................................................................................................................................................. 63 B. AUDIENCES AND USES ................................................................................................................................... 64 C. A MUSEUM ON THE HISTORY OF THE PRESENT TIME ............................................................................................ 65 D. A NATIONAL, INTERNATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL SITE ............................................................................................. 66 E. AN APPROACH BASED ON TRUTH AND DISTANCE ................................................................................................. 67 F. A WINDOW TO THE FUTURE ........................................................................................................................... 68 V. THE MEMORIAL ..................................................................................................................................... 69 VI. THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND SOCIETY .............................................................................................. 71 A. THE MUSEUM’S THEMES ............................................................................................................................... 73 1. The history of terrorism since the late 1960s ..................................................................................... 74 2. Societal responses and consequences ................................................................................................ 75 3. The new focus on the victim ............................................................................................................... 76 4. The emergence of an era of remembrance since the 1970s .............................................................. 79 B. THE COLLECTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 80 1. The principles ..................................................................................................................................... 80 2. Partners .............................................................................................................................................. 81 3. Content ............................................................................................................................................... 87 VII. PLACE OF TRANSMISSION ................................................................................................................. 95 A. CULTURAL PROGRAMMING ............................................................................................................................ 95 B. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................................................. 96 C. RESEARCH CENTRE ....................................................................................................................................... 97 D. TRAINING CENTRE ........................................................................................................................................ 98 E. RESOURCE CENTRE ....................................................................................................................................... 99 F. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ..................................................................................................... 100 5 VIII. PREPARATION AFTER MARCH 2020 ................................................................................................ 101 A. COMMUNICATION POLICY ............................................................................................................................ 101 B. PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................................................ 101 IX. FROM CONCEPT TO EXECUTION: RESOURCES ..................................................................................... 103 A. THE BUILDING ........................................................................................................................................... 103 1. Initial scoping of activity and surface area requirements ................................................................ 103 2. Location: initial prospecting ............................................................................................................. 106 3. The environmental approach ........................................................................................................... 107 B. PROJECT PROCESS ...................................................................................................................................... 107 C. THE FOUNDATIONAL PROJECT ....................................................................................................................... 109 1. New working arrangements............................................................................................................. 109 2. Operating resources before the opening ......................................................................................... 111 3. The resources required for the real estate project ........................................................................... 112 APPENDIX 1: GENERAL PROJECT SCHEDULE ................................................................................................. 115 APPENDIX 2: BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 119 TABLE OF ACRONYMS (TRANSLATED) ........................................................................................................... 123 6 7 Prime Minister’s Engagement