대한체질인류학회지 제 28 권 제 2 호 Korean J Phys Anthropol Vol. 28, No. 2 (2015) pp. 63~67 http://dx.doi.org/10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.2.63 Review Article Phylogenic Oto-stomatognathic Connection of the Mammalian Jaw: A Novel Hypothesis for Tensor Tympani Muscle and TMD-related Otologic Symptoms Hun-Mu Yang1, Kyung-Seok Hu2, Hee-Jin Kim2 1Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dankook University 2Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry (Received 31 March 2015, revised 22 April 2015, accepted 20 May, Published Online 30 June 2015) Abstract : Otologic complaints, including otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss, are known to be related to temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). There have been several hypotheses regarding the clinical correlation between otologic complaints and TMDs, based on clinical phenomena with corresponding symptoms, the close neurological relationship between otic and masticatory structures, and anatomical features of the tympanic cavity and jaw joint. Function of the tensor tympani muscle seems to be crucial to understanding TMD-related otologic symptoms. The tensor tympani inserts into the handle of the malleus and it modulates sound transduction in situations of excessive noise. This muscle is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, like the masticatory muscles. Voluntary eardrum movement by pathological tensor tympani contraction results in various otologic symptoms. Thus, co-contraction of the tensor tympani with the masticatory muscle could be a possible cause of TMD-related otologic symptoms. The tensor tympani is rather unrelated to the acoustic reflex, in which the stapedius is strongly involved. The tensor tympani seem to be controlled by proprioceptive information from the trigeminal sensory nucleus. The peripheral innervation pattern of the tensor tympani and masticatory muscles is also supposed to be interconnected. The middle ear structure, including the malleus, incus, and tensor tympani, of mammals had been adapted for acoustic function and lacks the masticatory role seen in non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. The tensor tympani in non-mammals is one of the masticatory muscles and plays a role in the modulation of sound transduction and mastication. After the functional differentiation of the mammalian middle ear, the nervous connection of the tensor tympani with other masticatory apparatus still remains. Through this oto-stomatognathic vestige, the tensor tympani seems to contract unnecessarily in some pathological conditions of the TMD in which the masticatory muscles contract excessively. We hypothesized that the phylogenic relationship between the tensor tympani and masticatory apparatus is a significant and logical reason for TMD-related otologic complaints. Keywords : ‌Tensor tympani muscle, Masticatory muscles, Temporomandibular disorder, TMD-related otologic complains, Phylogency The author(s) agree to abide by the good publication practice guideline for medical journals. The author(s) declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Correspondence to : Hee-Jin Kim (Room 601, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea) E-mail : [email protected] ⓒ 2015 Korean Association of Physical Anthropologists This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ISSN 2287-626X (Online)·ISSN 1225-150X (Print) 64 Hun-Mu Yang, Kyung-Seok Hu, Hee-Jin Kim Introduction acoustic reflex is unclear; the human acoustic reflex is mainly an action of the stapedius muscle [7]. On contrary Otologic complaints, such as otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo, the tensor tympani respond to strong sounds, mastication and hearing loss have been broadly reported in patients (chewing), and swallowing in EMG tests [14]. Normally, with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) [1-3]. There it acts in a neurological reflex to protect against trauma by have been some hypotheses to account for the physiolog- excessively loud sound and collaborates with velo-pha- ical relationship between otologic complaints and TMDs, ryngeal muscles for balancing pressure of the tympanic from the 1930s to recently [4-6]. One theory raised in the cavity. Aberrant activity of the tensor tympani can cause 1930s emphasized that some otologic complaints in TMDs otologic disorders, including otalgia, tinnitus, and hypera- occur due to compression on the auriculotemporal nerve cusia or hypoacusia [6]. In particular, pathological move- or the chorda tympani and erosion of the tympanic plate, ment of the tensor tympani is known to be associated with resulting from the posterior displacement of the condyle TMD disorders [1,2,7,15]. [4,5]. Today, the masticatory musculature is regarded as a significant factor in TMD-related otologic complaints, be- 2. ‌Phylogenic basis of the jaw joint in non-mammals cause patients suffering from TMD with myofascial pain and mammals have more otologic complaints than those with only in- Recent developmental biology and classical paleology ternal derangement of the meniscus [1]. Auditory muscles concur with the opinion that the malleus and incus within (tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine, and stapedius) that the mammalian tympanic cavity are homologous to the function in modulating pressure in the middle ear cavity articulating part of the lower and upper jaws (quadrate and and sound transduction were also regarded as key candi- articular bone) of the jaw joint in non-mammalian jawed dates for the otologic symptoms with TMD, based on their vertebrates (the articulo-quadrate joint) [12]. This joint involvement in voluntary eardrum movement [6,7]. remains in mammals as the incudomalleolar joint at the Mastication and sound transduction both involve the tympanic cavity, but lacking masticatory function. Mam- malleus and incus in non-mammalian jawed vertebrates, mals possess another novel jaw joint, the dentary-squamo- and an anatomical connection between these two func- sal joint or temporomandibular joint, which was formed tional apparatuses can be observed in developing mam- by the mandible (dentary bone) and a squamous part of mals [8-12]. Additionally, the masticatory and auditory the temporal bone (squamosal bone) instead. It has been muscles seem to be intimate in nervous distribution and believed that functional specialization of the malleus and function in mammals. The oto-stomatognathic relation- incus to the acoustic apparatus, with loss of masticatory ship of the two mus culature groups should be reviewed function, occurred during mammalian evolution [8,11]. from a phylogenic point of view in seeking to understand Although the skeletal structure had been modified during the symptoms. the evolution, the configuration of the muscles concerned corresponds consistently with the bony component. For example, the tensor tympani inserts into the malleus in Literature Study humans, and the homologous muscle inserts into the ar- ticular bone in non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. The 1. ‌Anatomy of the tensor tympani and its clinical innervation of the muscles is also invariable; e.g., the ten- implications sor tympani and medial pterygoid are innervated by the The tensor tympani is mainly contained in the temporal trigeminal nerve in mammals and reptiles. and sphenoid bone and located superior to the body por- Additionally, the peripheral nervous distribution of the tion of the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube [13]. The masticatory muscles, tensor tympani, and temporoman- muscle originates from the cartilaginous portion of the dibular joint is closely interconnected in humans. The ten- tube, passes posterior within a bony canal, and ends in the sor tympani is supplied by axon bundles, ramified from tympanic cavity, inserting into the handle of the malleus. the nerve to the medial pterygoid after passing the otic The relationship between the tensor tympani and the ganglion without a synapse. Posterior branches of deep Hypothesis of Oto-stomatognathic Connection of the Mammalian Jaw 65 temporal nerve that innervate the temporalis usually arise gous) belonging to the lower jaw and the cranium [22]. It from the masseteric nerve. The masseteric nerve provides acts with the masseter, pterygoids, and temporalis muscles the articular branch, the sensory nerve to the temporo- during mastication for closing the jaw and it may mod- mandibular joint. ulate transduction of friction and a clicking noise. Here, dimensional changes in other masticatory muscles would 3. ‌Neurological model: the tensor tympani is be crucial regarding the auditory input. During the resting controlled mainly by sensory input projecting from state, free of strong jaw movement, the tensor tympani the trigeminal sensory nucleus would manipulate sound transduction, restricting exces- sive vibration of the tympanic membrane. The muscle The tensor tympani and tensor veli palatine seem to be would be controlled directly by barometric information or referred to the trigeminal sensory nucleus that gleans so- indirectly by acoustic information. matic input from facial and masticatory muscles with the In mammals, the function of the tensor tympani in mas- overlaying skin and the solitary nucleus that receives vis- tication is vague. Mammals have definite and distinct in- ceral input from the