Volume 45 Issue 5 Article 5 2000 Space Invaders: Critical Geography, the Third World in International Law and Critical Race Theory Keith Aoki Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons Recommended Citation Keith Aoki, Space Invaders: Critical Geography, the Third World in International Law and Critical Race Theory, 45 Vill. L. Rev. 913 (2000). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol45/iss5/5 This Symposia is brought to you for free and open access by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Villanova Law Review by an authorized editor of Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. Aoki: Space Invaders: Critical Geography, the Third World in Internatio 2000] SPACE INVADERS: CRITICAL GEOGRAPHY, THE "THIRD WORLD" IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CRITICAL RACE THEORY* KEITH AoKI** TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: WHY "SPACE" MATTERS: A PARADOX AND A Q UESTION ................................................ 914 II. THE POLITICS OF "PLACE" AND "SPACE" IN THE CONDITION OF POSTMODERNITY .......................................... 917 III. THE CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: WHERE EXACTLY IS THE "THIRD WORLD"? .................. 924 IV. LIBERAL V. "CULTURAL NATIONALIST" VISIONS OF "RACE" .... 931 V. RACE, PLACE AND SPACE MATTER ........................... 936 A. Geography and Sovereignty: Richard Thompson Ford ........ 939 B. Spatial and Geographic Marginalizationat the Intersection of Race and Class ........................................ 942 1. John 0. Calmore ................................... 942 2. Chantal Thomas ................................... 944 C. Global Markets, Racial Spaces and the Legal Struggle for Community Control of Investment ........................ 949 1. Elizabeth M . Iglesias ................................ 949 2. Audrey G. M acFarlane.............................. 951 D. Global Racism and the Black Body as Fetish Object: Anthony Paul Farley ........................................... 954 VI. CONCLUSION: WHY THERE IS A "THERE" THERE ............. 956 In Eudoxia, which spreads both upward and down, with winding alleys, steps, dead ends, hovels, a carpet is preserved in which you can observe the city's trueform. At first sight nothing seems to resemble Eudoxia less than the design of that carpet, laid out in symmetrical motives whose patterns are repeated along straight and circular lines, interwoven with brilliantly colored spires, in a repetition that can be followed through the whole woof But if you pause and examine it carefully, you become con- vinced that each place in the carpet corresponds to a place in the city and all the things contained in the city are included in the design, arranged according to their true relationship, which escapes your eye distracted by the bustle, the throngs, the shoving .... * This Article was originally presented at the Thirty-Fourth Annual Villanova Law Review Symposium held on October 16, 1999. ** Associate Professor of Law, University of Oregon School of Law. Particular thanks to Ibrahim Gassama, Anthony Farley, Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Lisa Kloppenberg, Zachary Hull and Angela Harris. (913) Published by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository, 2000 1 Villanova Law Review, Vol. 45, Iss. 5 [2000], Art. 5 VILLANOVA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 45: p. 913 [F]or some time the augurs had been sure that the carpet's harmonious pattern was of divine origin. The oracle was interpreted in this sense, arousingno controversy. But you could, similarly, come to the opposite conclusion: that the true map of the universe is the city of Eudoxia, just as it is, a stain that spreads out shapelessly, with crooked streets, houses that crumble one upon the other amid clouds of dust, fires, screams in the darkness.I A whole history remains to be written of spaces-which would at the same time be the history of powers (both these terms in the plural)-from the great strategies of geo-politics to the little tactics of the habitat ... passing 2 via economic and political installations. I. INTRODUCTION: WHY "SPACE" MATTERS: A PARADOX AND A QUESTION I would like to begin this Essay by stating a paradox and asking a ques- tion. The answer to the question has much to do with how we resolve the paradox. The paradox has two parts. The first stems from the obser- vation that at the end of the twentieth century the world seems increas- ingly the same. The second part of the paradox is that simultaneously the world seems increasingly full of difference. The loose but patterned politi- cal, social and economic forces that we refer to as "globalization" have been at work for over four centuries, reshaping our understandings of our- selves and the world. In particular, since the end of World War II, trends that have been in play since the dawn of the age of colonialism have leapt into fast forward mode. Rapidly advancing communications and transpor- tation technologies are drastically restructuring our sense of time and space-promoting a massive move toward "flexible accumulation" of hyperliquid capital. The borders of nations and regions have become in- creasingly porous to goods, services and, above all, information. Anxiety over the impending homogenization of commerce and culture is evoked by the title of William Grieder's book, One World, Ready or Not. 3 The world is increasingly the same. Nevertheless, the very same forces that seem to be pushing mightily toward global homogenization seem also to be simultaneously shaking things apart, fragmenting communities, regions and nations. In nations such as the United States, the sharp and growing disparities between the "haves" and "have-nots" are the mirror image of disparities between a glob- 1. ITALO CALVINO, INVISIBLE CITIES 96-97 (William Weaver trans., 1974). In using quotes from Calvino to frame this essay, I pay homage to Gerald Frug, who uses an abundance of quotes from Calvino to great effect in illuminating his excel- lent casebook, GERALD E. FRUG, LocAL GOVERNMENT LAw (2d ed. 1994). 2. Michel Foucault, The Eye of Power, in POWER/KNOWLEDGE: SELECTED INTER- VIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS 1972-77, at 146, 149 (Colin Gordon ed. & Colin Gordon et al. trans., 1980). 3. WILLIAM GREIDER, ONE WORLD, READY OR NOT: THE MANIC LOGIC OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM (1997). https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol45/iss5/5 2 Aoki: Space Invaders: Critical Geography, the Third World in Internatio 2000] SPACE INVADERS ally connected, cosmopolitan, information class separated by Internet/ fax/cellular/satellite hookups from the vast majority of people in areas such as Latin and Central America, sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. These sharp disparities in access to wealth raise serious questions about differences in resources and the distribution of access to those resources. One may be disturbed by the global spread between the haves and have- nots and the ways that spread is exploited by members of the information elite, so as to arbitrage labor and environmental regimes to their advan- tage in a global "race to the bottom." Looking at struggles within nations such as the United States between different groups for a seat at the impe- rial American banquet table as the rest of the world is carved up, one cannot help but be struck by the observation that the world is increasingly filled with difference. 4 That is the paradox: The world is increasingly the same, yet the world is increasinglyfilled with difference. The question is: What might Critical Race Theory ("CRT") have to tell us about the way we conceive of the "Third World," or put conversely: What might the way we think of the Third World have to tell us about CRT? By posing these questions I do not mean to reify CRT into a univo- cal, unitary subject possessing agency as in, "My, but isn't CRT hungry this morning," or "CRT took some time off of work and went on a vacation trip to California." Instead, I refer to a very broad range of methodologies and analyses undertaken by a multivocal and diverse group of scholars that have sought to examine the salience of race to the structure of U.S. law. That being said, CRT may in some respects seem parochially American, and one might ask: What do critical observations of the historically contin- gent and idiosyncratic U.S. experience of race have to do with equally con- tingent conflicts in the so-called Third World, with its drastically different markers of tribe, race, nation, class, religion and, for lack of a better word, culture? Or to put it slightly differently, what lessons might we draw from the nations of the Third World, in which notions of tribe, race, nation, class, religion and culture collide and mix in terms of U.S. inter- and intra- racial group relations, as such groups jockey for comparative advantage within the borders of the United States? On one hand, one might say very little. One may argue that CRT is a localism (granted an important localism if you're within the United States, but a localism nonetheless) and its lessons on a global level may be some- what limited. The concerns addressed by CRT are rooted in the painful particulars of U.S. history and bounded by geography. At first glance, in- ternational law may be the proper place to search for answers regarding the relations with and within the Third World. International law's self- purported universalist aspirations, its claim to a higher moral purpose and its promises of order, stability and prosperity provide hope. As Makau 4. See, e.g., Ibrahim J. Gassama, Transnational Critical Race Scholarship: Tran- scending Ethnic and National Chauvinism in the Era of Globalization, 5 MICH. J. RACE & L. 133 (1999) (noting that fights between disadvantaged groups occur without much thought about transnational issues). Published by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository, 2000 3 Villanova Law Review, Vol. 45, Iss. 5 [2000], Art.