Global Insecticide Use for Vector-Borne Disease Control

WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 GLOBAL INSECTICIDE USE FOR VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE CONTROL M. Zaim & P. Jambulingam DEPARTMENT OF CONTROL OF NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (NTD) WHO PESTICIDE EVALUATION SCHEME (WHOPES) First edition, 2002 Second edition, 2004 Third edition, 2007 © World Health Organization 2007 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. CONTENTS Page <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Acknowledgements </li><li style="flex:1">i</li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1</li><li style="flex:1">Introduction </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Collection of information </li><li style="flex:1">2</li></ul>Data analysis and observations on reporting All uses in vector control 36<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Malaria vector control </li><li style="flex:1">22 </li></ul>38 48 52 56 58 60 62 64 78 Dengue vector control Chagas disease vector control Leishmaniasis vector control Other vector-borne disease control Selected insecticides – DDT Selected insecticides – Insect growth regulators Selected insecticides – Bacterial larvicides Country examples Annex 1. Data reporting form and instructions for completion The Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) of the World Health Organization (WHO) thanks the many individuals in Member States who assisted NTD in collecting and validating data on the use of insecticides to control vector-borne diseases. Special thanks are extended to the following staff in WHO regional offices for their valuable assistance in facilitating data collection: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Dr B. Ameneshewa, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe - Dr M. Ejov, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark - Dr C. Frederickson, Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, Pan American Health Organization, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago - Dr L. Manga, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo - Dr A. Mnzava, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt - Dr K. Palmer, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines - Dr C. Prasittisuk, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India - Dr G. Zamani, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt This publication was funded by the Global Collaboration for Development of Pesticides for Public Health. i WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 1 Vector control constitutes an important element in the current global strategy for the control of major vector-borne diseases, and chemical control remains an important element in an integrated approach to vector control. In order to support the development of products to control vectors, facilitate the judicious use of insecticides and effectively manage insecticide resistance, there is a need to develop pesticide management systems based on regular monitoring and reporting of insecticide use in different disease control programmes. INTRODUCTION An attempt has been made to document the use of insecticides for vector control at the global level (WHO, 20021,2), which could form the basis for the following: ꢀ development of guidelines on safe and effective use of insecticides; ꢀ development of guidelines for management of insecticide resistance; ꢀ agreements for international use of insecticides (e.g. DDT, re-registration of insecticides in certain countries and how that may affect their international use); ꢀ investment for development of alternatives; ꢀ review and formulation of policies for insecticide usage at different levels (national, regional and global levels). This document is a continuation of such effort and contains information on the global use of insecticides for control of vector-borne diseases for the reporting period 2003–2005. 1 Zaim M (2002). Global insecticide use for vector-borne disease control. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2002.2). 2 Zaim M, Jambulingam P (2004). Global insecticide use for vector-borne disease control, 2nd ed. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2004.9). WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 2 The data on the use of insecticides in vector-borne disease control programmes were COLLECTION OF INFORMATION collected and validated, with the assistance of WHO regional offices, from the national disease control programmes, using a standard questionnaire (Annex 1). Only Member States having vector-borne diseases as their major public health problem were approached for such information. The WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) invites national disease control programmes to report regularly on the use of insecticides for vector control, using the questionnaire provided in Annex 1. They are also invited to submit data on such use for the missing years, in order to obtain a clear understanding of insecticide use at national, regional and global levels. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 3 A total of 81 countries from the six WHO regions responded to the questionnaire as follows: African Region, (20); Region of the Americas, (25); Eastern Mediterranean Region (11); European Region (6); South-East Asia Region, (6); and Western Pacific Region (13). DATA ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATIONS ON REPORTING While many countries provided information for the entire three-year reporting period (2003–2005), others provided information for either two years or just one year. A few countries provided data on insecticide use pooled with those for more than one vectorborne disease. Such data were not included in the analysis of insecticide use for specific diseases but used only to estimate the total use of insecticides for vector control. While the data provided by most countries were on the use of the four major classes of insecticides (see below), some countries also reported on the use of bacterial larvicides and/or insect growth regulators. Such data are presented separately in this document. The number of countries reporting to WHOPES on insecticide use for vector control remains almost the same as in the previous survey. In addition, some countries updated their information by providing data for the missing years. Comparison of data from the current survey with previous surveys was done using the updated information. As in the previous survey, one of the reasons cited by countries for not providing complete data is that decentralized programmes have difficulty in collecting such information. This is a matter of major concern that could adversely affect the management of insecticides for vector control. It is therefore important that these countries take adequate steps to develop appropriate and effective monitoring and reporting systems for insecticide use in their vector-borne disease control programmes. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 4 The major vector-borne diseases reportedly controlled with insecticides were: DATA ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATIONS ON REPORTING - malaria, caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes; - dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever and other arboviruses transmitted by certain mosquitoes; - leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan Leishmania parasites transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies; - Chagas disease, caused by protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi parasites transmitted by triatomine bugs. The insecticides used against these disease vectors were mostly of the following classes, as detailed in other WHO documents:1,2 - organochlorines, of which DDT is the main insecticide used in vector control; - organophosphates such as fenitrothion, malathion and temephos; - carbamates such as bendiocarb and propoxur; - pyrethroids such as alpha-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin; - insect growth regulators such as diflubenzuron, methoprene and pyriproxyfen; - bacterial larvicides such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. 1 Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors and pests of public health importance (2006). Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2006.1). 2 Najera JA, Zaim M (2002). Malaria vector control – Decision making criteria and procedures for judicious use of insecticides. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2002.5 Rev.1). WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 5 The most common formulations of synthetic insecticides employed for particular applications were: DATA ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATIONS ON REPORTING ꢀ larvicidal treatments with emulsifiable concentrate and granules; ꢀ residual treatment with wettable powder, suspension concentrate and capsule suspension; ꢀ treatment of mosquito nets with aqueous formulations such as suspension concentrate, capsule suspension and emulsion oil in water; use of emulsifiable concentrate is discouraged for treatment of mosquito nets, except for permethrin;1 ꢀ space spraying with emulsifiable concentrate, emulsion oil in water or ultra-low-volume liquid. 1 Zaim M, Aitio A, Nakashima N (2000). Safety of pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 14, 1–5. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 6 Table 1 shows the reporting period of insecticide use for vector control by Member States. ALL USES IN VECTOR CONTROL A total of 81 countries from the six WHO regions reported on the use of insecticides for vector control in this survey; 60 countries provided data for the three-year reporting period (2003–2005); 7 for two years; and 14 for just one year. Compared with the previous survey (2000–2002), the number of countries reporting for the entire survey period has increased considerably. In the African Region, 20 countries out of 46 Member States reported the use of insecticides; the remaining five regions, where the majority of the countries were requested to provide data and where major vector-borne diseases occur, responded to the questionnaire. In the African Region, 8 of the reporting countries were among those that had reported during the previous survey. Region of the Americas (25 countries), Mediterranean Region (11 countries) and European Region (6 countries) – With a few exceptions, many of the countries reporting during the previous survey also reported this time. A few additions were also reported from the Region of the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. South-East Asia Region (6 countries) – Except for Bangladesh, India and the Maldives, 3 countries continued to provide data on insecticide use for vector control. Western Pacific Region – Of the 13 countries reporting from this region, 8 had reported previously. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 7 Although some variations occurred in the number of countries reporting the use of insecticides in the three surveys, it is encouraging to note that among the 81 countries that reported insecticide use during this survey, 45 provided data on insecticide use continuously for the three surveys and 61 for the past two surveys. This trend is observed from countries in all WHO regions except the African Region. ALL USES IN VECTOR CONTROL Note: The 81 countries that reported on the use of insecticides have the important vector- borne diseases as their major public health problem and have a population of about 1.8 billion. Excluding China and India, this population constitutes a considerable proportion of the total population living in countries endemic for vector-borne diseases. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 8 Table 1. Insecticide use for vector control: reporting period by countries in each WHO region WHO region African <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Country </li><li style="flex:1">Total population </li></ul>2004a <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2003 </li><li style="flex:1">2004 </li><li style="flex:1">2005 </li></ul>Angola Benin 15 490 000 8 177 000 1 769 000 4 232 000 75 600 000 1 478 000 9 202 000 33 467 000 18 113 000 13 124 000 1 233 000 19 424 000 2 009 000 8 882 000 80 000 –++–+++++++–++++–+–– –+++ ++++ Botswana Eritrea <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">b</li><li style="flex:1">b</li></ul>Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Kenya <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">+</li><li style="flex:1">+</li></ul>++++++–++++––+– ++++++ Madagascar Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia b+++++ Rwanda Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Togo 47 208 000 1 034 000 5 988 000 11 479 000 12 936 000 b++<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">+</li><li style="flex:1">Zambia </li></ul>Zimbabwe b+a Source: The world health report 2006 – working together for health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. b DDT use only. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 9 Table 1 (cont'd). Insecticide use for vector control: reporting period by countries in each WHO region <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">WHO region </li><li style="flex:1">Country </li><li style="flex:1">Total population </li></ul>2004a <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2003 </li><li style="flex:1">2004 </li><li style="flex:1">2005 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Americas </li><li style="flex:1">Argentina </li></ul>Bahamas Belize 38 372 000 319 000 264 000 ++++++++++++++–++++–+ +–––++++++++++–++++–– +–––++++++++++++++++– Bolivia Brazil Chile 9 009 000 183 913 000 16 124 000 44 915 000 11 245 000 79 000 Colombia Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador 8 768 000 13 040 000 6 762 000 12 295 000 750 000 El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Jamaica 8 407 000 2 639 000 105 699 000 3 175 000 6 017 000 27 562 000 159 000 Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Lucia WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 10 Table 1 (cont'd). Insecticide use for vector control: reporting period by countries in each WHO region <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">WHO region </li><li style="flex:1">Country </li><li style="flex:1">Total population </li></ul>2004a 118 000 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2003 </li><li style="flex:1">2004 </li><li style="flex:1">2005 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Americas </li><li style="flex:1">Saint Vincent and the </li></ul>Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">+</li><li style="flex:1">–</li><li style="flex:1">–</li></ul>1 301 000 3 439 000 26 282 000 716 000 +++–+–++++–+++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ Venezuela <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Bahrain </li><li style="flex:1">Eastern </li></ul>Mediterranean Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Jordan 68 803 000 28 057 000 5 561 000 31 020 000 2 534 000 154 794 000 23 950 000 35 523 000 18 582 000 20 329 000 3 026 000 8 355 000 4 518 000 5 204 000 6 430 000 72 220 000 Morocco Oman Pakistan Saudi Arabia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Yemen <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Armenia </li><li style="flex:1">European </li></ul>Azerbaijan Georgia Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkey WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 11 Table 1 (cont'd). Insecticide use for vector control: reporting period by countries in each WHO region <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">WHO region </li><li style="flex:1">Country </li><li style="flex:1">Total population </li></ul>2004a <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2003 </li><li style="flex:1">2004 </li><li style="flex:1">2005 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">South-East Asia </li><li style="flex:1">Bhutan </li><li style="flex:1">2 116 000 </li></ul>220 077 000 321 000 50 004 000 20 570 000 63 694 000 366 000 ++++++++++++++– ++++++++++++++– ++++–+++++++++++– Indonesia Maldives Myanmar Sri Lanka Thailand Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Fiji Western Pacific 13 798 000 841 000 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Kiribati </li><li style="flex:1">97 000 </li></ul>Malaysia New Zealand Palau Philippines Singapore Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam 81 countries 24 894 000 3 989 000 20 000 81 617 000 4 273 000 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">102 000 </li><li style="flex:1">+</li></ul>+++69 +––+66 10 000 207 000 83 123 000 1 880 569 000 –+<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">73 </li><li style="flex:1">All regions </li></ul>WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 12 See Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. ALL USES IN VECTOR CONTROL On average, 547 tonnes of active ingredient of organochlorines, 437 of organophosphates, 25 of carbamates and 161 of pyrethroids were reportedly used annually for vector control at the global level during 2003–2005 (Table 2). The use of organochlorines, exclusively DDT, was reported to WHOPES only from the African Region (Figure 2 and Table 2). The use of organophosphates was reported from all regions; about 84% of their total use was in the Region of the Americas and 1–6% in countries from other regions. Compared with other classes of insecticides, the use of carbamates was limited, with 80% of their total use globally in the African Region; the remaining use was in the Region of the Americas (11%), the South-East Asia Region (8%) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (1%). Carbamates were reportedly not used in the Western Pacific Region and in the European Region. The use of pyrethroids was higher in countries from the Region of the Americas (57% of total use) than in other regions. The European Region reported the lowest (1%) use of pyrethroids. During 2003–2005, the annual use of organochlorines increased in the African Region. The use of organophosphates increased in the Region of the Americas, the South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region; it was stable in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and drastically declined in the European Region. There was no reported use of organophosphates in the European Region during 2005. While an increase in the use of carbamates was reported in the South-East Asia Region and African Region, notably in 2005, a declining trend in their use was observed in the Region of the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Globally, the quantity of pyrethroids used for vector control increased slightly during 2005, mainly as a result of their increased use in the African Region and the Western Pacific Region; however, their use in the Region of the Americas and the South-East Asia Region declined during this period. Overall, the quantity of insecticides reportedly used was lesser in 2004 compared with 2003 and 2005. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.2 Page 13 Table 2. Global use of insecticides for vector control reported to WHOPES, in kg of active ingredient, by class of insecticidea and WHO region, 2003–2005 WHO region European South- East Asia Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Year </li><li style="flex:1">Class </li><li style="flex:1">African </li></ul>

Global Insecticide Use for Vector-Borne Disease Control

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