“You Can’t Just Get Up in the Morning and Do It”: Bridging the Partner Violence and Substance Use Services Fields by Elizabeth Marie Armstrong A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Social Work and Sociology) in the University of Michigan 2017 Dissertation Committee: Professor Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Co-Chair Associate Professor Beth Glover Reed, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Mathieu Despard Professor Jason Owen Smith Elizabeth Marie Armstrong [email protected] ORCHID iD: 0000-0003-4608-5647 Elizabeth Marie Armstrong 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Had it not been for Beth Glover Reed’s guidance and mentorship, I never would have begun this project, let alone seen it to completion. Beth has believed in my abilities from the beginning, even before I was convinced of them myself. It was through work with her on a Graduate Certificate in Women’s Studies that I began to articulate the initial set of concerns about social problems that led to this project. She generously provided the case itself—the intersection of services for partner violence and substance use—and opportunities to test ideas and approaches through work on her projects. Beth has been an unflagging source of support, always willing to make time for a meeting or phone call when I got stuck, and graciously producing the seemingly endless stream of recommendation letters academic success necessitates. Elizabeth Armstrong’s arrival at the University of Michigan, in 2009, was incredibly fortuitous. Elizabeth offered precisely the theoretical expertise necessary to guide this project. It is through work with Elizabeth on her own project that I learned how to do qualitative research. When arguments have fallen apart in writing, this training has allowed me to take a deep breath, gather up my words, and begin building again. The last nine years have not necessarily been easy ones, with the various transitions of graduate school, though meeting various milestones, and teaching, let along the life transitions that have simultaneously taken place. I am most grateful to Beth and Elizabeth for always treating me as a whole person and recognizing that the needs of life outside the academy must sometimes take precedence. ii Jason Owen Smith has provided invaluable guidance along the way on both theory and methods as well as unrelenting positivity about the promise of the project. I am grateful as well to Mathieu Despard for his willingness to join the committee after the dissertation was well underway and the insights he has provided thus far. Other faculty members have contributed to this project and my own intellectual development in more ways than I can articulate. Had it not been for the encouragement of David Tucker and John Tropman, I likely never would have applied to the Joint Doctoral Program. Karen Staller has been a source of ongoing support. Eve Garrow and Michelle McClellen provided invaluable assistance in the design and early phases of this project, for which I remain extremely grateful. I, and this project, owe a debt of gratitude to Larry Bennett, my longtime collaborator and mentor. Larry has always been an advocate for this project and, though his work on partner violence and substance use in Chicago, opened countless doors. Without Larry’s expertise, good will, and generosity, this project would not have been possible. This project would have been similarly impossible without the generosity of the of many individuals who shared their wisdom with me. I hope this project in some way contributes to their legacies in these fields. I am also grateful to the archivists at the DePaul University Special Collections for their careful curation of the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence’s records and to those at the Illinois State Archive In material terms, this project would not have been possible without the support of all the units across campus that have provided funding. These include the School of Social Work, Sociology Department, Rackham Graduate School, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, iii University of Michigan Addiction Research Center, Center for the Education of Women, and Nonprofit and Public Management Center. My colleagues in the School of Social Work and Sociology Department have been an ongoing source of intellectual support. I am grateful to those who, through the Gender and Sexuality Workshop, Economic Sociology and Organizations Workshop, and Social Movements Workshop, provided feedback on the multiple iterations of this project. I am specifically grateful—in no particular order—to Emily Bosk, J. Lotus Seeley, and Daniel Hirschman who, over the years, watched this project develop and continually asked insightful questions, thus pushing its development further. The smoothness of academic life, however, depends heavily on the smoothness of life outside of it. In that regard, my parents have been an incredible source of support, providing both moral support and after-hours childcare in the lead up to all the deadlines that have made up the last nine years. I am particularly grateful for their presence—as well as that of my mother-in-law, Jean Allen—during the summer of 2014 when I did my fieldwork in Chicago. Knowing Ilyas was in the capable hands of grandparents allowed me the focus I needed to ask the right questions in interviews and find the right documents in the archives. Throughout this process, my partner Saul, has been a continuous source of support, never doubting my abilities or the promise of this project. He has been a patient proof-reader and has always been willing to drop everything to talk through a particularly cumbersome sentence or set of ideas. In this final stretch, he has taken on the lion’s share of domestic duties to allow me to focus on writing and been exceedingly patient during my many harried moments. Ilyas and Leena are the most joyful distractions anyone could ask for and time with them is powerful motivation to reach each day and week’s writing goals. They are fiercely determined iv creatures, fully of curiosity and unconditional love. The morning I completed the full draft of this project, as he sat curled in my lap just after waking up, Ilyas told me how proud he was of my dissertation. Although I explained it was not actually done yet, he smiled, hugged me, and told me it would be. And so it is. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv LIST OF ACRONYMS xv ABSTRACT xvii CHAPTER I. Why Partner Violence and Substance Use? 1 Co-occurrence of Partner Violence and Substance Use 2 Effectiveness of Combined Services 3 Prevalence of Combined Approaches 6 Barriers to Combined Approaches 8 A Field Theory of Social Service Provision 11 Field-Level Logics and Organizational Practices 16 Relationships Between Fields 18 Status and Innovation in Fields 20 Hybridity Strategies 22 Outline of Dissertation 24 vi II. A Field Analytic Approach to Services for Partner Violence and Substance Use 27 Conceptualizing Fields 27 Sample, Data, and Analytic Strategies: Key Informant Interviews and Archival Work 28 Key Informant Interviews, 2010 28 Site Selection and Organizational Interviews, 2011 32 Key Informant Interviews, 2014 35 Archival Data Collection, 2014 37 Analytic Strategies 39 Sample, Data, and Analytic Strategy: The Organizational Dataset 41 Sample: Identifying Actors 42 Data Sources 43 Measures: Conceptualizing Logics, Practices, and Positions 44 Analytic Strategy 53 III. The Substance Use Services Field 54 Historical Precursors – 1930s-1962 55 Field Emergence – 1963-1969 60 Institutionalization – 1970-1980 69 Strategic Expansion – 1981-1993 79 Medicalization and Individualization – 1994-2003 85 Strategic Expansion – 2004-2010 91 Current Configuration – The 2010s 102 vii Discussion 106 IV. The Partner Violence Services Field 108 Historical precursors – 1925-1972 109 Field Emergence – 1973-1979 111 Criminalizing Family Violence – 1980-1993 125 Institutionalization – 1994-2008 140 Current Configuration – The 2010s 146 Discussion 151 V. Growing Up Differently: Tensions and Convergences Between Fields 153 A “Family Illness”: Alcohol, 12 Step Approaches, and Partner Violence 154 Gender Role Rehabilitation: Early Women’s Programs 162 No Excuses: Early Partner Violence Programs Consider Substance Use 165 Initial Dialogues: Cross-Training Efforts in the Early 1980s 168 Formalizing Collaboration: The Illinois Domestic Violence/Substance Abuse Taskforce 174 Taking Advantage of Mom and Dad Not Talking: Substance Use and PAIP 182 Mental Health as Intermediary: Trauma-Informed Approaches and Behavioral Health 187 Lingering Barriers 193 Field Overlap and Combined Approaches to Partner Violence and Substance Use 195 VI. Logics in Practice: The Substance Use and Partner Violence Services Fields in viii Metropolitan Chicago 201 The Partner Abuse and Substance Use Services Fields in Metropolitan Chicago 201 The Substance Use Services Field 202 The Partner Violence Services Field 209 Differences Between Fields 215 Discussion 219 VII. Hybridity, Status & Strategy: How Organizations Address Substance Use and Partner Violence 221 Hypotheses 221 Hybrid Organizations in Metropolitan Chicago 223 Hybrids in the Substance Use Field 226 Hybrids in the Partner Violence Field 228 Form Versus Substance: Hybridity, Status, and Strategy in Practice 232 Discussion 237 VIII. You Can’t Just Get Up in the Morning and Do It: Conclusions and Implications 241 Conflicting Logics Limit Hybrid Approaches 241 Convergences Allow for