• 13 HISTORY FOCUS Connecting Art and History from 1850-1950 CE Three major trends marked this 1850 to 1914 marked the high point especially in medicine and physic;s. period: industrialism, modernization, of colonialism, even with increased Science also influencedart, espe_cially and nationalism. Before we begin that resistance and colonial independence Impressionism and Futurism. Claude � discussion, it is important to note that movements. Because they generally Monet's style of water lily paintings, even at this time, many areas of the had more undeveloped land, the seen in The Japanese Footbridge (Fig. world remained unindustrialized. For colonies provided raw material for 13.14), is based in part on optics. example, in central Australia, artists industrialized nations. The Industrial The newly powerful middle in the Aboriginal culture produced Revolution, which had already begun class enjoyed greater educational works such as Hunter and Kangaroo in Great Britain, spread to other areas opportunities and leisure time. (Fig.13.26). Within industrialized of western Europe and the United Many new leisure activities took nations, artworks such as Ansel States. The Industrial Revolution place in nature, as seen in Renoir's Adams' Clearing Winter Storm, brought amazing advances in The Luncheon of the Boating Party Yosemite National Park, California, technology as well as profound social (Fig.13.2). The working class 1944 (Fig. 13.15) glorifiedthe beauty of changes, including the development of continued to sufferwith poverty, long untouched nature. a large middle class and an industrial hours, and political oppression. Karl Nevertheless, industrialism was working class, the creation of factories, Marx co-authored the Communist transforming the world. Western great increases in population, and mass Manifesto in 1848, and the labor European nations continued to migration into urban areas, as reflected movement was agitating for fair build their colonial empires in in Fernand Leger's The City (Fig. 13.31). wages, safeworking conditions, Africa and Asia. The years from Scientificadvances were important, and reasonable hours for workers. Map 9 World Map Showing Colonial Empires. 378 CH APTER TH IR TEEN Nature, Knowledge, and Technology Civil rights movements for racial and gender equality grew in power throughout this period. Nationalism is devotion to one's country, especially promoting that country's interests and culture above all others. Nationalistic fervor saw the formationof modern nations in South America, central Europe, and the Balkans. In the United States, the Civil War (1861-1865) both split and then reinforcedthe national identity. In Japan, this was a period of nationalization, industrialization, and modernization. In 1868, the old shogun rulers of Japan were overthrown. Emperor Meiji rose to power and began the rapid industrialization of Japan and modernization of its society. In 1874, Japan began a period of Russian Revolution of 1917 created 13.2 PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR. The expansion in Asia, following the model a Communist state and ended the Lu11cheo11 ofthe Boating Party,France, of Western colonial empires. Japan rule of the czars. The centuries-old 1881. Oil on canvas, 51" X 68". Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. envisioned itself as the dominant Ottoman Empire, centered in Turkey, power in Asia. was broken up in 1919. Unfortunately, The European middle class enjoyed greater leisure time in the late nineteenth century. The Great War (World War I) totalitarianism in other forms was on including pleasurable outings in nature. broke out in 1914 and lasted until the rise. In Stalinist Russia and Nazi 1918. Its causes were many, including Germany in the 1930s, the state had increased friction among European absolute power, and dictatorships nation-states, entangling alliances, arose in Latin America. Fascism the horrendous destruction of World internal conflictscaused by ethnic dominated in Spain and Italy as well. War II finallyended in 1945, at least groups that had not yet achieved The 1930s and 1940s were periods 17 million soldiers and perhaps as nationhood, and competition for of great hardship and destruction. many as 40 million civilians were dead, colonies and trade. The war and the The Great Depression was a decade including the millions who died in terms of the peace treaty embittered of severe financialdifficulty for German concentration camps. Germany, one of the losing nations. industrialized nations, and many The years immediately following Art movements such as Dada and people suffered.The Depression's World War II saw the founding of the Surrealism developed in response unemployment and homelessness, United Nations, the destruction of to the horrors of World War I, the coupled with extreme nationalism old European colonial empires, and crumbling social order, and increased and the rise of totalitarian regimes, the establishment of Communist industrialization, as seen in Salvador led to World War II. A bloody prelude China (1948). Also established was the Dali's The Persistence ofMemory to that war was the Spanish Civil War, modern state of Israel, which displaced (Fig.13.28). Other artworks were more waged by Fascists and Republicans/ the Palestinians. pointedly critical, like Jose Clemente Communists from 1936 to 1939, each Thus, many issues that we see in Orozco's Gods ofthe Modern World side heavily aided by foreign countries. today's world had their roots back a (Fig.13.29). Beginning in 1931, Japan, Italy, and century or more as the foundations Imperial rule was beginning to Germany began seizing lands around were laid for the global economy, crumble. The 1912 revolution in China them until war was declared in Europe global trade and resources, and global ended centuries of dynastic rule. The in 1939 and in the Pacificin 1941. When political entanglements. History Focus 379 ■ 13 EXPANDING THE VIEW .. ) � \ � \> ri -o 1."""-. Jose Clemente Orozco. Gods of the ModernWorld • •.,.-,f i/. •� ��n•. Vessel In the Form of a Monkey. Veracruz, Mexico. SOUTH AMERICA 0 1.000 2.000 Km. 0 1.000 2.000 M, 380 CHAPTER THIRTEEN Nature,Knowledge,andTeclmology ASIA Ryoan//Zen Garden of Contemplation. Kyoto, Japan • .f Qian Xuan, Pear Blossoms. Hangzhou, China. AFRICA 0 0 AUSTRALIA Lin Onus. Dingoes: Dingo Proof Fence. Canberra, Australia. Expanding the View 381 13 TIMELINE FOR NATURE, KNOWLEDGE, AND TECHNOLOGY 1850-1950 CE Wheel Appears­ Mesopotamia Printing Invented in China Bronze Casting in Paper First Used Islamic Libraries Established r:>omestication Sumeria in China Irrigation Developed in Moche ::Jf Horse and First Library First Libraries in China: The Silk Trade Elephants First Civilization, Peru Camel in Sumeria China Library at Alexandria Used in Warfare Temple Libraries in Japan , ' 100 CE I Rock Art, Libya Ashurbanipal II Spider (Nazca) Preservation; Killing Lions Grape Harvest Relief Depicting a and Wine Making, Priest . .. (Olmec) wall painting from the tomb of Nakht in Thebes A Bison with Turned Head (5.2) A Peanut Necklace (8.13) Invention of Dynamite Edison and the Lightbulb Labor Movement HISTORY FOCUS IMPRESSION/SM World War/ World War II POSTIMPRESSIONISM Great Depression Establishment Early Experiments Women's Rights First Flight, Wright Early Experiments of Communist in Photography Movement Brothers with Computers China POP ART 1821 1827 183 8 1840 19 00 1914 1932 193 4 1940 1950 196 0196419651970 � ·, CONSTABLE. The RENOIR. The Luncheon Hunter and Kangaroo LEGER. The City ADAMS. Clearing TINGUELY. Haywain of the Boating Party DAU. The Winter Storm, Homage to AUDUBON. Carolina MONET. The Japanese Persistence of Yosemite New York ... Paroquet Footbridge Memory National Park, RtLEY. Current California, 1944 TuRNER. The OROZCO. Gods of SMITHSON. Spiral Fighting the Modern Jetty Temeraire ... World A CEZANNE. Landscape at UTZON. Opera > Aix, Mont A H1NE. Leo, House, Sydney, 48 Inches High ... .. Sainte-Victoire Australia (14.4) (10.12) (15.28) r •'' MILLAIS. • > ,t Ophelia (8.24) ' .... ' 382 CHAPTER TH I RTEEN Nature, K1101vledge, and Technology RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE Inca Empire Develops BAROQUE ERA Moslem Paper Mills in Spain Elaborate Accounting Industrial Steam ROMANESQUE GOTH/C ERA Systems Revolution Locomotive­ ERA Medieval Universities Gutenberg's Press Begins Europe I 1000 1300 1400 1500 1600 1800 I I I Vessel in the Serpent (or Snake) Mound Ryoanji Zen Garden of The Unicorn in BRUEGEL. A Shaman's Form of a Contemplation Captivity Stoneware Vase Amulet Monkey of Flowers VESALIUS. The Mask of Fourth Plate of SHENG MAOYE. Muscles Beyond the Solitary 81sHNDAS. Babur Supervising Bamboo Grove the Layout of the Garden of Fidelity RuKuPu. Entrance > A Relief Carving, Doorway for a Cambodia (3.36) Maori Meeting House (3.39) A Eagle Knight, A Silver Aztec (3.40) Representation of a Maize Plant (5.17) Desktop Publishing Global Warming Debated POSTMODERN/SM The Internet in Governments around Digital Imaging Reunification of Germany Social Networking the World 1971 1980 1989 1990 1995 1999 2005 2010 DE MARIA. The Lightning KIEFER. Breaking of the Vessels Om1. Monkey MEHRETU. Grey J A1 WE1wE1. Forever Bicycles Field Magic-Sex. Space (distractor) R1cKEY. Cluster of Four Cubes Money and UKELES. The Social Mirror Drugs ONUS. Dingoes: Dingo Proof Fence A OURSLER. Junk (3.59) Timeline 383 NATURE that the unicorn could elude all hunters. However, when it saw a virgin, it put its head on her lap and could easily be The relationship of humans to the natural world is very caught. complex. We fear, love, and eat animals. They are part of The Unicorn in Captivity is the last image in six industry, as we breed some and extinguish others. We Netherlandish tapestries. Captured in a paradise garden, identify with animals and project our highest aspirations this unicorn has a lively and soulful expression on its face. and deepest fears onto them. Likewise, humans use land­ It is surrounded by a fence, wears a jeweled collar, and is scape imagery, both the wild and the cultivated, to project chained to a pomegranate tree. In these tapestries, this their own ideals. may symbolize Jesus, believed to be the source of spiritu.al life, who was hunted by men, was brutally killed, and then.