! SOCIAL!NORMS!AND!BARRIERS!ANALYSIS!FOR! (AGRO)PASTORALIST!WOMEN!AND!GIRLS!IN!JONGLEI!! AND!EASTERN!EQUATORIA,!SOUTH!SUDAN:!! TRENDS'OF'CHANGE'IN'A'TURBULENT'CONTEXT?! ' Holly'A'Ritchie,'CARE'Consultant' Nairobi,'Dec'2017,'Final'version' ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS! The'practical'research'for'this'report'was'a'collaBorative'effort'By'committed'and'hardM working' research' teams' at' CARE' Sudan' in' Jonglei' (Twic' East)' and' Eastern' Equatoria' (Torit).' The' findings' are' testament' to' their' excellent' meetings,' write' up' and' oral' contriButions.'I'would'like'to'give'special'thanks'to'Mawa'Seme'and'to'Sylvia'Kaawe'for' their'smooth'organization'of'the'field'research'including'logistics'and'local'coordination.' Finally,' I' would' also' like' to' thank' Valentina' Mirza' for' her' overall' support' in' the' preparation'and'finalisation'of'the'assignment.'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Disclaimer:! The! presentation! of! material! in! this! document! does! not! imply! the! expression! of! any! opinion! whatsoever!on!the!part!of!CARE!South!Sudan.'' CONTENTS! ACRONYMS AND NOTES ............................................................................................... IV! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. V! I ! INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF REPORT .......................................................... 1! 1.1' FOCUS'AND'OBJECTIVE'OF'REPORT'........................................................................................................................'2' 1.2' RESEARCH'METHODS'AND'GEORGRAPHICAL'FOCUS'............................................................................................'3' 1.3' STRUCTURE'OF'REPORT'..........................................................................................................................................'5' II ! PASTORALISM AND GENDER IN EAST AFRICA AND SOUTH SUDAN .......................... 7! 2.1' 'PASTORALISM'IN'EAST'AFRICA,'AND'SOUTH'SUDAN'...........................................................................................'7' 2.2' PASTORALIST'SOCIETY'AND'GENDER'.....................................................................................................................'8' 2.3' RESEARCH'CONTEXTS:'JONGLEI'AND'EASTERN'EQUATORIA'IN'SOUTH'SUDAN'................................................'8' III !KEY FINDINGS: SOCIAL NORMS AND BARRIERS FOR PASTORALIST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN JONGLEI (TWIC EAST) AND EASTERN EQUATORIA (TORIT) .................. 10! 3.1'' BRIEF'OVERVIEW'OF'TARGET'VILLAGES'IN'JONGLEI'AND'EASTERN'EQUATORIA'.........................................'10' 3.2'' SCOPE'OF'PASTORALIST'WOMEN'AND'GIRLS’'NORMS'AND'BARRIERS'(DINKA'AND'OTUKO'GROUPS)'......'12' 3.2.1!'''‘HARMFUL’!TRADITIONAL!PRACTICES!......................................................................................................!12' 3.2.2' WOMEN’S!DOMESTIC!WORKLOADS!.........................................................................................................!24' 3.2.3!' WOMEN’S!ACCESS!TO/CONTROL!OVER!ASSETS!(AND!PRODUCTIVE!RESOURCES)!............................!27' 3.2.4!' WOMEN’S!PARTICIPATION!IN!DECISIONWMAKING!/!GENDER!RELATIONS!..........................................!31' 3.2.5!' ACCESS!AND!PARTICIPATION!IN!BASIC!SERVICES!(HEALTH!AND!EDUCATION)!.................................!35' IV TRENDS AND ACTORS INFLUENCING PASTORALIST WOMEN AND GIRLS’ NORMS IN JONGLEI (TWIC EAST/DINKA) AND EASTERN EQUATORIA (TORIT/OTUKO) ......... 45! 4.1'' GENERAL'PASTORALIST'TRENDS'AND'DYNAMICS'............................................................................................'45' 4.2'' ROLE'OF'LOCAL'CHANGE'AGENTS'/'CHANGE'INHIBITORS'...............................................................................'46' 4.2.1' !!!!!!GOVERNMENT/BASIC!SERVICES:!!HIGH!POSITIVE!INFLUENCE!(FOR!EDUCATION)!.....................!46' 4.2.2!' NGOS:!!MEDIUM!POSITIVE!INFLUENCE!............................................................................................!47' 4.2.3!' (FORMAL)!RELIGIOUS!GROUPS/CHURCHES:!MEDIUM!/!MIXED!INFLUENCE!..............................!48' 4.2.4!' FAMILIES!AND!CLANS:!!MEDIUM!/!MIXED!INFLUENCE!...................................................................!48' 4.2.5!' STRONG!WOMEN:!!MEDIUM!INFLUENCE!(HIGH!POTENTIAL)!........................................................!49' 4.2.6!' ELDERS!AND!LOCAL!LEADERS:!!MIXED!INFLUENCE!(HIGH!POTENTIAL)!.....................................!49' 4.2.7!' MEDIA:!!LOW!INFLUENCE!..................................................................................................................!50' V SYNTHESISING SCOPE OF CHANGE AND TRENDS IN PASTORALIST WOMEN AND GIRLS’ NORMS (DINKA AND OTUKO) ................................................................................ 51! 5.1'' PROGRESS'TOWARD'CHANGE:'DRIVERS'AND'PERSISTING'BARRIERS'............................................................'51' 5.1.1' !PASTORALIST!WOMEN!AND!GIRLS’!NORMS!THAT!ARE!CHANGING!.....................................................!51! ' ''''5.1.2!!!''''PASTORALIST!WOMEN!AND!GIRLS’!NORMS!THAT!SHOW!MIXED!TRENDS!OF!CHANGE……………….50' 5.1.3' !WOMEN!AND!GIRLS’!NORMS!THAT!INDICATE!SLOWER!CHANGE!AND!MORE!RESISTANCE!.............!53' 5.2'' PASTORALIST'WOMEN'AND'GIRLS’'EMPOWERMENT:'ASSESSING'CHANGE'...................................................'54' 5.2.1!' CHANGING!SCOPE!OF!‘AGENCY’!..........................................................................................................!55' VI! RECOMMENDATIONS AND KEY ACTION POINTS .................................................... 57! 6.1' FOSTERING'PROCESSES'OF'CHANGE'....................................................................................................................'57' 6.2'' STRATEGIES'FOR'ACTION'IN'PASTORALIST'WOMEN'AND'GIRLS’'EMPOWERMENT'......................................'59' REFERENCES!AND!FURTHER!READING ............................................................................. 63! APPENDIX!1:' !TERMS!OF!REFERENCE'................................................................................................................'67' APPENDIX!2:!' RESEARCH!METHODS'...................................................................................................................'72' APPENDIX!3:!' RESEARCH!RESPONDENTS!/!RELEVANT!GROUPS!MET…………………………………………75' APPENDIX!4:' !BACKGROUND:!PASTORALISM!AND!GENDER!IN!EAST!AFRICA'...........................................'80' APPENDIX!5:!!' GENERAL!REGIONAL!TRENDS!AND!DYNAMICS!AFFECTING!PASTORALISM'.........................'82' APPENDIX!6:!' AUTHOR!BACKGROUND'...............................................................................................................'84' ' Social!Norms!and!Barriers!Study:!Women!and!Girls’!Pastoralists!in!South!Sudan! iii' ' ACRONYMS!AND!NOTES ACRONYMS! BDS! ! Business'Development'Services' CEC' ' Child'Education'Committee' DRR' ' Disaster'Risk'Reduction'(committees'set'up'to'mitigate'local'crisis)' FHH' Households'headed'By'females,'with'men'aBsent'due'to'divorce'or'death' (includes'widows'and'divorcees)' FGM/C!' Female'Genital'Mutilation'(or'Female'Genital'Cutting'(FGC))' NRM' ' Natural'Resource'Management' S/GBV' Sexual'or'GenderMBased'Violence' SHG' ' Self'Help'Groups'(group'involved'with'savings'and'credit)' SSP' ' South'Sudanese'Pounds' USAID' United'States'Agency'for'International'Development' VSLA!! 'Village'or'Group'Savings'and'Loan'Associations'' ' USEFUL!NOTES ! Currency!equivalents!(Oct!2017)! ' Currency'Unit' –' South'Sudanese'Pound' $1.00' =' 127' "$"'refers'to'US'dollars.' ' Glossary!of!local!terms! Fedan!=!4200!m2! Katala!=!4m!x!50m! ! ! ! ' Social!Norms!and!Barriers!Study:!Women!and!Girls’!Pastoralists!in!South!Sudan! iv' ' EXECUTIVE!SUMMARY!! 1.!GaInIng!Independence!In!2011,'South'Sudan'stands' one'of'the' world’s'poorest'and' most' warMtorn' countries;' with' extremely' low' socioMeconomic' indicators.' Weakened' By' years' of' war' and' instaBility,' South' Sudan' suffers' from' poor' governance,' and' renewed' internal'conflict'(in'2013)'with'high'numbers'of'displaced'people.'Whilst'there'has'Been' some' progress' in' (re)Building' Basic' infrastructure' and' social' services' since' 2011,' with' earlier'protracted'civil'war,'this'has'remained'Both'‘challenging'and'slow'with'inadequate' numbers'of'schools,'health'centres'or'road'networks’'(CARE'South'Sudan'2016).'' 2.!In!thIS!turbulent!and!conflictZridden!context,'traditional'gender'norms'and'relations' have'Been'Both'magnified'and'strained,'with'women'and'girls'left'especially'vulneraBle,' particularly'related'to'domestic'oBligations'and'responsiBilities,'violence'and'protection.'A' total'of'80%'of'the'population'in'South'Sudan'live'in'rural'areas,'with'livelihoods'centred' on'livestock'(cattle,'sheep'and'goats)'and'agriculture.'Across'many'of'the'ethnic'groups'in' the'South'Sudan,'there'is'a'persisting'phenomenon'of'‘hyperZmaSculInIty’'amongst'men,' often'exacerBated'by'the'context'of'risk'and'insecurity.'This'is'reinforcing'harmful'power' differentials' Between' men' and' women' (and' children),' often' leading' to' genderMbased' violence,'and'other'forms'of'violence.' 3.!PaStoralISm!remaInS!‘the!central!InStItutIon’'around'which'South'Sudanese'society'is' primarily' organized' (NRC' 2016).' Whilst' most' of' the' population' now' lives' off' farming,' economically,' cattle' are' still' a' key' source' of' assets' in' the' rural' areas.' Cattle' also' hold' strong'socioMcultural'value,'shaping'local'traditions,'life'ceremonies,'and'identity.'Women'