! Phinehas, the Sons of Zadok, and Melchizedek An Analysis of Some Understandings of Priestly Covenant in the Late Second Temple Period A Thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2013 Dongshin D. Chang School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………… 6 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………… 7 Declaration …………………………………………………………………………... 8 Copyright Statement …………………………………………………………………. 9 Preface ……………………………………………………………………………….. 10 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 13 1. Covenant …………………………………………………………………………... 14 1.1. Studies of the Covenant in the Hebrew Bible ………………………………… 14 1.1.1. Wellhausen and Subsequent Form-Critical Approaches and Tradition-History ………………………………………………… 14 1.1.2. Archaeological Approach …………………………………………....... 17 1.1.3. Sociological Approach ………………………………………………... 18 1.1.4. Perlitt, Kutsch, McCarthy, and Nicholson …………………………….. 20 1.2. Studies on the Covenant in the Second Temple Periods ……………………... 22 1.2.1. Sanders and Covenantal Nomism ……………………………………... 22 1.2.2. Concept of Covenant in the Dead Sea Scrolls ………………………… 24 1.3. Locating the Parameters for the Discussion of Covenant …………………….. 28 2. Priesthood or Priestly Institution in the Second Temple Period ………………….. 31 2.1. Transition of the Society from the Ancient Israel to the Second Temple Judaism ……………………………………….. 31 2.2. Significance of the Priesthood in Second Temple Judaism …………………... 32 2.2.1. Cultic Functions of Jerusalem Temple and Priests ……………………. 32 2.2.2. Priest as Administrator ………………………………………………... 32 2.2.3. Priest as Scribe ………………………………………………………... 34 3. An Agenda for the Present Study …………………………………………………. 34 3.1. The Combined Concepts of Covenant and Priesthood ………………………... 34 3.2. Overview of the Chapters …………………………………………………….. 35 PART I 1 and 2 Maccabees Chapter 2: Priestly Covenant in 1 and 2 Maccabees …………………....................... 38 2 1. Concept of the Priestly Related Covenant in 1 Maccabees ……………………….. 39 1.1. Texts, Dates, and Structure of 1 Maccabees ………………………………….. 39 1.2. Overall Structural Outline and the Main Theme of 1 Maccabees ……………. 39 1.2.1. Martola’s Form-Critical Analysis ……………………………………... 40 1.2.2. Williams and the Chiastic Structure for 1 Maccabees ………………… 41 1.2.3. The Structure and Main Theme of 1 Maccabees as a Whole …………. 44 1.3. Structural Usage of the Concept of Covenant in 1 Maccabees 1–2 ………….. 46 1.3.1. Literary Structure of the Introduction (1 Macc 1–2) ………………….. 46 1.3.2. Covenant in Section B (1 Macc 1:10–64) …………………………….. 48 1.3.3. Covenant in Section C (1 Macc 2:1–70) ……………………………… 49 1.4. Development of Priestly Covenant Based on Phinehas ……………………… 51 1.4.1. Use of Zeal Motif ……………………………………………………... 51 1.4.2. Use of Father Motif: Phinehas as the “Father” ……………………….. 53 1.4.3. The Father Motif and Simon, the Successor of the High Priesthood …. 55 2. Concept of the Priestly Related Covenant in 2 Maccabees ……………………….. 57 2.1. The Structure of 2 Macc 1:1–10a …………………………………………….. 58 2.2. Priestly Features of the Covenant in 2 Macc 1:2 …………………………….. 60 3. Summary and Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 61 PART II Dead Sea Scrolls Chapter 3: Pre-Sectarian Priestly Covenant Traditions …………………………….. 64 1. Priestly Ideologies in the Third Century BCE …………………………………….. 65 1.1. Levitical Priestly Traditions ………………………………………………….. 66 1.2. Zadokite Priestly Traditions ………………………………………………….. 69 1.3. Aaronic Priestly Traditions …………………………………………………… 73 1.4. Summaries ……………………………………………………………………. 75 2. Ben Sira and Aaronic Priestly Covenant Tradition ……………………………….. 75 2.1. The Text, Structure, and Purpose of the Praise of the Fathers of Ben Sira ….. 76 2.2. Account of Aaron and Phinehas (Sir 45:6–22 and 23–25) ……………………….. 78 2.2.1. Priestly Clothing and Sacrifice (Sir 45:6–16 and Exod 28–29, 40) ………… 79 2.2.2. Korah Episode and Priestly Portion and Inheritance (Sir 45:18–22 and Num 16–18) …………………………………………… 82 2.2.3. Priestly Functions (Sir 45:17 and Ezek 44:23–24) …………………………. 84 2.2.4. Literary Analysis of the Account of Phinehas (Sir 45:23–25) …………... 85 2.3. Summaries and Implications …………………………………………………. 87 3. Levitical Priestly Covenant Traditions in Aramaic Levi Document and Jubilees …. 88 3.1. Aramaic Levi Document and the Testament of Levi ………………………….. 89 3.2. Jubilees ……………………………………………………………………….. 93 4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 96 3 Chapter 4: Sectarian Priestly Covenant Traditions …………………………………. 98 1. Priestly Covenant Traditions in Some Quasi-Sectarian Documents ……………… 99 1.1. Temple Scroll …………………………………………………………………. 99 1.2. 4QMMT ………………………………………………………………………. 102 2. Priestly Covenant Traditions in Some Sectarian Documents ……………………... 106 2.1. Damascus Document …………………………………………………………. 106 2.1.1. Levitical Priestly Ideology in the Damascus Document ……………… 107 2.1.2. Sons of Zadok in CD III.21–IV.12a …………………………………... 109 2.1.3. Aaron and Sons of Aaron in the Damascus Document …………….… 113 2.2. Serek Texts (1QS, 1QSa, 1QSb, and 4QS) …………………………………… 116 2.2.1. 1QS ……………………………………………………………………. 116 2.2.1.1. Sons of Zadok and Sons of Aaron in 1QS ………………….. 117 2.2.1.2. Missing of the Sons of Zadok in 4QS ………………………. 120 2.2.1.3. Priests and Levites in 1QS …………………………………... 122 2.2.2. The Priests in 1QSa …………………………………………………… 125 2.2.3. Renewal of the Covenant of the Eternal Priesthood in 1QSb ………… 126 2.3. Some Implications of the Damascus Document and the Serek Texts ………... 129 3. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 130 PART III Hebrews Chapter 5: Priestly Covenant in Hebrews …………………………………………... 134 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 134 1.1. Priesthood and Covenant in Hebrews ………………………………………… 134 1.2. Date and Recipients of Hebrews ……………………………………………... 136 1.3. The Priestly Melchizedek Tradition and Hebrews …………………………… 138 1.4. Covenant and Hebrews ……………………………………………………….. 140 1.5. Combination of the Two Concepts ………………………………………….... 142 2. Priesthood …………………………………………………………………………. 143 2.1. Priesthood (iJerwsu/nh) ……………………………………………………….. 143 2.2. Priest (i˚ereu\ß) ………………………………………………………………... 148 2.3. High Priest (aÓrciereu/ß) ……………………………………………………… 150 2.4. The Nature of Jesus’ High Priesthood ………………………………………... 152 3. Covenant ………………………………………………………………………….. 154 3.1. Covenant in Hebrews 7–8 ……………………………………………………. 155 3.2. Covenant in Hebrews 9 ………………………………………………………. 158 3.3. Covenant in Hebrews 10, 12, 13 ……………………………………………... 159 3.4. Law, Oath, and Covenant in Hebrews ……………………………………….. 160 4 4. Bridge between the Priesthood and Covenant …………………………………….. 162 4.1. Blood of the Covenant as the Link of Priesthood and the New Covenant …… 162 4.2. Relevance of This Argument to the Author’s ………………………………… 167 5. Conclusion and Further Implications ……………………………………………... 168 5.1. Priestly Covenant and Its Nature in Hebrews ………………………………… 168 5.2. Further Implications ………………………………………………………….. 170 5.2.1. Priest, a Teacher or a Mediator ……………………………………….. 170 5.2.2. New Covenant or Renewed Covenant ………………………………… 171 Chapter 6: Priestly Covenant and Melchizedek Traditions in Hebrews 7 ………….. 174 1. A History of Melchizedek Traditions …………………………………................... 175 1.1. Melchizedek Traditions in Biblical Accounts ………………………………... 175 1.2. Melchizedek Traditions in Other Second Temple Compositions …………….. 177 2. Melchizedek Traditions in Hebrews 7 …………………………………………….. 179 2.1. Hebrews’ Use of Genesis 14 in Heb 7:1–3 …………………………………... 179 2.2. Hebrews’ Use of Ps 110:4 ……………………………………………………. 182 2.3. Melchizedek and the Anticipation of a Better Covenant in Hebrews 7 ……… 186 3. Issues to be Answered in Relation to Melchizedek in Hebrews ………………….. 188 3.1. Melchizedek in Hebrews: an Antitype of Jesus? ……………………………... 189 3.2. Origin of Melchizedek in Hebrews: Heavenly or Earthly Being? …………… 193 3.3. Melchizedek in 11QMelchizedek and Its Relation to Hebrews 7 ……………. 194 3.4. Melchizedek in Relation to Covenantal Motif ……………………………….. 197 4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 198 CONCLUSION Chapter 7: Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 201 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………..……….. 208 Word Count: 69,126 5 List of Abbreviations Abbreviations used are according to The SBL Handbook of Style for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies. Edited by P. H. Alexander, J. F. Kutsko, J. D. Ernest, S. A. Decker-Lucke, and D. L. Petersen. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1999. Unless otherwise stated, biblical quotations in English are from The Holy Bible New Revised Standard Version. 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. All Hebrew Bible quotations are from Biblica Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1990. 6 Abstract This thesis is an analysis of the use of combined concepts of covenant and priesthood in some late Second Temple period Jewish and Jewish-Christian texts. In this thesis I investigate 1 and 2 Maccabees, Dead Sea Scrolls, and Hebrews, to see the various ways in which these Second Temple compositions have articulated the combined concepts of covenant and priesthood on the basis of their treatment of various biblical and extra-biblical traditions. The elaborate articulations of the combined concepts of covenant and priesthood in these texts partly reflect the concern of the Second Temple Jewish authors: how significant the priestly institutions and priesthood were, not only in terms of cultic matters, but also in terms of political