Castle of Good Hope Integrated Conservation Management Plan 2020 - 2024 DESKTOP STUDY September 2018 Vision The Castle Control Board shall be a globally significant, truly accessible centre of excellence that showcases South Africa’s shared heritage. Mission The Castle Control Board is a service-orientated public entity, striving to create an environment where national pride serves to: • Build an internationally known and recognised cultural and heritage brand for Ubuntu, dialogue, nation-building and human rights recognition; • Guarantee the development of a smooth functioning, self-sustaining, “must-see” iconic visitor and learner destination; • Optimises its tourism potential and accessibility to the public; and • Preserve and protect its cultural and military heritage by elevating it to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage status. - From the Annual Performance Plan 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Maps ............................................................................................................................................ iv List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Integrated Conservation Management Plan in context ................................................... 1 1.2 The Purpose of Desktop Study ................................................................................................ 2 2. What is the Castle? ..................................................................................................................... 2 3. The VOC Network ........................................................................................................................ 4 3.1.1 Influences on Fortification .............................................................................................. 5 3.1.2 Dutch Systems of Fortification ........................................................................................ 6 3.1.3 Fortifications and its placement within the landscape ................................................... 8 4. Historical overview of the Castle of Good Hope ....................................................................... 14 5. Spatial Themes .......................................................................................................................... 29 5.1 Settlement at the Cape ......................................................................................................... 29 5.2 Fortifications at the Cape ...................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Cape Town Spatial Development .......................................................................................... 35 6. Development of the Built Fabric of the Castle .......................................................................... 39 6.1 Where are the sensitive archaeological areas of the Castle? ............................................... 53 7. What is significant about the Castle? ....................................................................................... 56 7.1 Tangible and Intangible Values ............................................................................................. 56 7.2 Assessment of authenticity ................................................................................................... 57 7.2.1 NHRA criteria that are applicable ................................................................................. 57 8. Where the Castle fits within World Heritage ............................................................................ 58 8.1 Identification of similar WHSs ............................................................................................... 58 9. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 67 10. Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 69 List of Figures Figure 1: Ground Plan of the Entire fort by Simon Stevin and diagram from Vesting Gronichem ......... 6 Figure 2: Ground Plan of Fort Bourtang showing important terminology in the Old Dutch System of fortification ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 3: New Netherlands Fortification system at Coevorden 1790 -1795 and the development of Bastions ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: The Old Netherlands “Oudnederlandse stelsel” and the New Netherlands System “Nieuwnederlandse stelsel” for fortification .......................................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Base Type of Dutch forts in Sri-Lanka and their distribution ................................................. 10 Figure 6: Extract from Lady Anne Barnards Panorama of the Cape (1) ................................................ 19 Figure 7: Extract from Lady Anne Barnards Panorama of the Cape (2) ............................................... 19 Figure 8: Extract from Lady Anne Barnards Panorama of the Cape (3) ................................................ 20 Figure 9: William Burchell's Vignette of the Castle Gates (1815) ......................................................... 21 Figure 10: Cetshwayo at the Castle c.a 1879 ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 11: Renovations to the "Ballroom", now the Fehr Collection Museum, 1937 .......................... 24 Figure 12: Demolition of Royal Engineers Buildings 1952 .................................................................... 25 Figure 13: A man walks past graffiti on the Castle walls between Buuren and Catzenellebogen ........ 26 Figure 14: Pickets from the ANC Observatory branch, Cape Town ...................................................... 27 Figure 15: President Vorster with the Springboks National Rugby Team inside the Castle in 1979 .... 28 Figure 16: Map of the Fort of Good Hope and the surrounding lands, between Table Bay and False Bay ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 17: Plan of the Fort of Good Hope, the Company’s Gardens and adjoining buildings and stables ................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 18: Plan of the Company's Fort of Good Hope, gardens and buildings, as well as the confined area for the beginning of a City for Free Citizens ................................................................................. 38 Figure 19: Progression of the Construction of the Castle of Good Hope ............................................. 40 Figure 20: Kasteel de Goede Hoop 1681 (1) ......................................................................................... 41 Figure 21: Kasteel de Goede Hoop 1681 (2) ......................................................................................... 41 Figure 22: Front Entrance gate to the Castle with the VOC emblems .................................................. 42 Figure 23: Model of the Castle showing Imhoff Battery before demolition and before Land Reclamation of the Foreshore .............................................................................................................. 43 Figure 24: The Seaward Battery Lines c. 1847 ..................................................................................... 44 Figure 25: The Imhoff Battery c. 1850 .................................................................................................. 44 iii Figure 26: The Imhoff Battery c. 1860 .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 27: Castle and Railway Lines early 1900s ................................................................................... 45 Figure 28: Castle c. 1950 showing the railway lines present ................................................................ 46 Figure 29: The Castle in 1967 with the railway lines removed ............................................................. 47 Figure 30: The Lions on the Outer Entrance Gateway Pillars, originally hollow clay, replaced with replica cast ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Figure 31: Front Courtyard where Blocks B & F meet c 1920 ............................................................... 50 Figure 32: The Front Courtyard of the Castle following the restoration in 1993 ................................. 50 Figure 33: Rear Courtyard where Blocks B & C meet during restoration & excavation of Dolphin Pool 1983 .....................................................................................................................................................