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For more information, visit www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html. IEEE Computer Society Magazine Editors in Chief Computer IEEE Micro IEEE Intelligent Systems Sumi Helal, Lancaster University Lieven Eeckhout, Ghent V.S. Subrahmanian, University University of Maryland IEEE Software IEEE MultiMedia Diomidis Spinellis, Athens IEEE Computer Graphics Yong Rui, Lenovo Research University of Economics and and Applications and Technology Business L. Miguel Encarnação, ACT, Inc. IEEE Annals of the History IEEE Internet Computing IEEE Pervasive Computing of Computing M. Brian Blake, University of Maria Ebling, IBM T.J. Watson Nathan Ensmenger, Indiana Miami Research Center University Bloomington IT Professional Computing in Science IEEE Cloud Computing San Murugesan, BRITE & Engineering Mazin Yousif, T-Systems Professional Services Jim X. Chen, George Mason International University IEEE Security & Privacy Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Technical University of Darmstadt www.computer.org/computingedge 1 AUGUST 2017 • VOLUME 3, NUMBER 8 THEME HERE 8 18 23 Open Source Quality of Cloud Extending the Solutions for Services: Expect Cloud to the Cloud Computing the Unexpected Network Edge 6 Spotlight on Transactions: Computer Engineers’ Challenges for the Next Decade: The Triangle of Power Density, Circuit Degradation, and Reliability JÖRG HENKEL AND PAOLO MONTUSCHI 7 Editor’s Note: Computing in the Cloud 8 Open Source Solutions for Cloud Computing G.R. GANGADHARAN 13 Standards at the Edge of the Cloud ALAN SILL 18 Quality of Cloud Services: Expect the Unexpected DAVID BERMBACH 23 Extending the Cloud to the Network Edge RUBEN S. MONTERO, ELISA ROJAS, ALFONSO A. CARRILLO, AND IGNACIO M. LLORENTE 28 Evidence and Forensics in the Cloud: Challenges and Future Research Directions KIM-KWANG RAYMOND CHOO, CHRISTIAN ESPOSITO, AND ANIELLO CASTIGLIONE 34 FocusStack: Orchestrating Edge Clouds Using Focus of Attention BRIAN AMENTO, ROBERT J. HALL, KAUSTUBH JOSHI, AND K. HAL PURDY 42 Connecting Fog and Cloud Computing DAVID S. LINTHICUM 46 How Abundance Changes Software Engineering DIOMIDIS SPINELLIS 50 Multimedia Research: What Is the Right Approach? ALAN HANJALIC Departments 34 4 Magazine Roundup FocusStack: 53 Computing Careers: Cloud-Computing Careers Orchestrating Edge Clouds Using Focus of Attention Subscribe to ComputingEdge for free at www.computer.org/computingedge. CS FOCUS Magazine Roundup digit or character input, which has shortcomings. In “May the Force Be with You: The Future of Force-Sensitive Authenti- cation,” from Internet Comput- ing’s May/June 2017 issue, the authors examine the potential of force-PINs, which augment digit-PIN security by assigning a pressure value to each digit or character. he IEEE Computer issue on new computer-design Society’s lineup of 13 developments explores several of Computing in Science & Tpeer-reviewed technical these architectural approaches. Engineering magazines covers cutting-edge topics ranging from software IEEE Software Previous research suggests that design and computer graphics access and exposure to comput- to Internet computing and secu- Over time, software developers ing, social support, a sense of rity, from scientifi c applications have defi ned and used various belonging in computing, and a and machine intelligence to reliability-engineering models. computing identity all contrib- cloud migration and microchip Now, reliability engineering will ute to women pursuing comput- design. Here are highlights from have to adapt to today’s more con- ing as a fi eld of study or career. recent issues. nected world. The three articles in “Multiple Factors Converge to IEEE Software’s July/August 2017 Infl uence Women’s Persis- Computer special issue illustrate several tence in Computing: A Quali- ways this is already happening. tative Analysis,” from CiSE’s As we approach the limits of May/June 2017 issue, discusses Moore’s law, we increasingly rely IEEE Internet Computing a recent study that explores on computer architecture inno- what helps young women per- vations to scale performance. Most smartphone-authentication sist in computing despite the Computer’s August 2017 special schemes still rely on simple obstacles they encounter. 4 August 2017 Published by the IEEE Computer Society 2469-7087/17/$33.00 © 2017 IEEE IEEE Security & Privacy position-based dynamics for mesh- there has ever actually been such free cutting simulation. a utility. Our society is undergoing perva- sive computerization and digita- IEEE Intelligent Systems IEEE Pervasive Computing lization, which is aff ecting many aspects of our personal and pro- Over the last two decades, man- The authors of