Case 11 Reducing Guinea Worm in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Geographic area: 20 countries in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa Health condition: Before the start of the campaign in 986, an estimated 3.5 million people in 8 endem- ic countries in Africa and Asia were infected with guinea worm, and 20 million were at risk. Global importance of the health condition today: In 2005, fewer than ,000 cases of guinea worm were reported in the nine remaining endemic countries. Just three countries have reported more than ,000 cases—and the vast majority of the cases are in Sudan, where civil war has impeded progress. Intervention or program: With the technical and financial support of a global coalition of organizations led by the Carter Center, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the US Centers for Disease Control and Preven- tion, and the World Health Organization, 20 countries implemented national guinea worm eradication programs, run through their ministries of health. The primary interventions of the campaign include the pro- vision of safe water (through deep well digging, applying larvicide, and purifying water through cloth filters); health education; and case containment, management, and surveillance. Cost and cost-effectiveness: The total cost of the program between 986 and 998 was $87.4 million. The estimated cost per case was $5 to $8. The World Bank determined that the campaign has been highly cost-effective and cost-beneficial. The economic rate of return based on agricultural productivity alone has been estimated at 29 percent. The estimated cumulative cost of the campaign as of 2004 was approxi- mately $25 million. Impact: The eradication efforts have led to a 99.7 percent drop in guinea worm prevalence. In 2005, fewer than ,000 cases were reported, compared with an estimated 3.5 million infected people in 986. By 998, the campaign prevented between 9 million and 3 million cases of guinea worm. As of 2005, the campaign has prevented more than 63 million cases of guinea worm disease, reduced the number of endemic villages by 9 percent, and stopped the transmission of the disease in of the 20 endemic countries. racunculiasis, or guinea worm disease, is an of the most preventable of all parasitic diseases, guinea ancient scourge that once afflicted much of worm disease has vanished from developed countries the world, including parts of the Americas. since the introduction of safe drinking water. Today it DDocumented in Egyptian medical texts as is truly a disease of the poor, debilitating many of the early as the 15th century BC, it is thought to be the most remote and disadvantaged communities in Africa, “fiery serpent” referenced in the Old Testament. One where access to potable water is limited and health care and education are lacking. In 1986, an estimated 3.2 mil- Case drafted by Molly Kinder. lion people in 20 endemic countries in Africa and Asia REDUCING GUINEA WORM IN ASIA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA were infected with the disease,a and an estimated 120 bate the pain and duration of disability. The most com- million remained at risk.1 Estimates of cases of disease mon treatment used by infected individuals during this prevalence in India and Pakistan during 1986 raised the agonizing period is a rudimentary technique that dates annual global burden to 3.5 million cases. back to ancient times. Worms are coaxed out of the blister by being slowly wound around a narrow stick, a The fight against guinea worm disease represents one few centimeters each day—a process that is represented of the most successful international collaborations and in the Caduceus—the symbol of medicine. The patient is particularly interesting because the intervention is, must take extreme caution to avoid breaking the worm, at its heart, behavior change. Success depended on the or they risk painful inflammation caused when a broken campaign’s ability to reach poor, isolated communities worm retreats into the body. No medication is available and convey essential messages about how to handle to treat guinea worm disease, and there is no vaccine to water and prevent the disease. This was possible because prevent it. of the steady commitment of donors and technical sup- porters, as well as national governments. Disease of the Empty Granary How the Worm Turns Guinea worm disease takes its toll not through death, as the disease is rarely fatal, but rather through devastating Guinea worm disease is contracted when a person disability, pain, and infection. Two studies in Nigeria, drinks stagnant water from a well or pond that is for example, reported that 58 percent to 76 percent of contaminated with tiny freshwater copepods carry- patients were bedridden for at least one month follow- ing guinea worm larvae. Once inside the human, the ing the worm’s emergence. The pain is also long lasting, stomach acid kills the copepods allowing the larvae to evidenced by the fact that in one study 28 percent of migrate into the small intestine, where they penetrate infected individuals in Ghana experienced pain 12 to the intestinal wall into the abdominal cavity. After 60 to 18 months later.2 The disease’s other symptoms, includ- 90 days, male and female larvae mate and, unbeknownst ing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness, further to their host, grow to an average of two to three feet in exacerbate this burden. Secondary bacterial infections length. A year later, the fully grown female worm rises occur in about half of all cases and can lead to arthritis, to the skin in search of a water source to lay her larvae. “locked” joints, tetanus, and permanent crippling.3 A painful blister forms, usually in the person’s lower limbs, although the worms can emerge from any part of Although the disease afflicts all age groups, it particu- the body. To ease the burning pain, infected individuals larly harms children. The likelihood of a child under the frequently submerge the blister in cool water, causing age of 6 years in Sudan being malnourished is more than the blister’s rupture and the release of hundreds of thou- three times higher when the adults in the household are sands of larvae into the water. A vicious cycle of reinfec- infected with the disease. School absenteeism rises when tion occurs when sufferers inadvertently contaminate the debilitating symptoms render children incapable sources of drinking water and set the stage for them- of walking the often long distance to school and when selves and other residents to contract the infection. children forgo school to take on the agricultural and household work of sick adults. As a result, schools in The worm, about the width of spaghetti, gradually endemic areas frequently shut their doors for a month emerges from the blister in a painful process that can each year.2 last 8 to 12 weeks. Numerous worms can emerge simul- taneously or may emerge sequentially over a period of Guinea worm disease is not only a symptom of poverty many weeks. Lesions caused by guinea worms invariably but also a perpetrator. The economic burden inflicted on develop secondary bacterial infections, which exacer- poor rural communities is severe and is compounded by the seasonal nature of the disease and its high preva- a The 20 endemic countries included Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, lence in affected communities. Cyclical weather pat- Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sudan, terns and harvesting and planting seasons lead to peak Togo, Uganda, and Yemen. periods when water in contaminated ponds and wells is REDUCING GUINEA WORM IN ASIA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA widely consumed. A year later, an entire community can In 1981, an important event prompted the CDC to be debilitated and unable to work—a period that often spearhead eradication efforts. The launch that year of an cruelly coincides with the busiest agricultural seasons. international initiative to provide universal access to safe This phenomenon explains the disease’s nickname drinking water presented an unprecedented opportunity among the Dogon people in Mali—“the disease of the for the fight against guinea worm. Dr. Donald Hopkins empty granary.” and his colleagues at the CDC recognized the implica- tions of the International Drinking Water Supply and The economic damage is extreme. The annual economic Sanitation Decade for the prospects for guinea worm loss in three southern rice-growing states in Nigeria was eradication and persuaded the initiative to include the calculated at $20 million. Further research in Mali found eradication of the disease as a subgoal of the decade. that overall production in that country of sorghum and The decision ensured that priority would be placed on peanuts, two critical subsistence crops grown in north- the construction and maintenance of safe water sources east Mali, was reduced by 5 percent.2 in endemic communities and provided an important foundation for further eradication efforts. With the Planting the Seeds of Eradication prospects for eradication now considerably stronger, the CDC launched a more than 10-year advocacy campaign In 1980, the US Centers for Disease Control and Preven- to catalyze a global eradication effort.2 tion (CDC) first planted the seeds of the global guinea worm eradication campaign. At the time, many in the Momentum was extremely slow to build. Initially, lack global health community considered the disease to be an of data on disease prevalence, inadequate funding, and unlikely candidate for eradication. Unlike the eradica- weak political commitment impeded progress. Skepti- tion campaign that successfully wiped out smallpox, a cism mounted in the public health community and guinea worm campaign would not have in its arsenal a among African leaders when, after recognizing the vaccine to prevent the disease; the campaign also lacked slow pace of the water decade in providing safe water to a medical cure to treat a person once he or she had endemic communities, the campaign began emphasiz- been infected.