DIPLOMARBEIT Collaboration of digital libraries ausgeführt am Institut für Informationsverarbeitung und -wirtschaft Abteilung für Informationswirtschaft der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Begutachter: o. Univ. Prof. Dkfm. Dr. Wolfgang Janko Betreuer: Dr. Michael Hahsler eingereicht von Maria Shustitskiy Wien, November 2004 Table of contents Table of contents .........................................................................................................................2 1 Problem statement and work composition ..........................................................................4 2 Theoretical foundations .........................................................................................................5 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................5 2.2 Digital libraries – definition ................................................................................................6 2.3 Contents of a digital library................................................................................................9 2.4 Digital library vs. conventional library..............................................................................11 2.4.1 Problems of conventional libraries .....................................................................12 2.4.2 Benefits of digital libraries ..................................................................................13 2.5 Limitations and disadvantages of digital libraries ...........................................................16 2.5.1 Tasks and services of digital libraries ................................................................19 3 Collaboration.........................................................................................................................23 3.1 General............................................................................................................................23 3.2 Reasons for digital library collaboration ..........................................................................24 3.3 Models for digital library collaboration.............................................................................29 3.3.1 General collaboration models ............................................................................30 3.3.2 Library Consortium .............................................................................................37 3.3.3 Union Catalogues...............................................................................................38 3.3.4 The institution-driven and the product driven models ........................................39 3.3.5 Open Access ......................................................................................................40 4 Research issues for digital library collaboration ..............................................................42 4.1 Interoperability.................................................................................................................42 4.1.1 Interoperability perspectives...............................................................................45 4.1.2 Interoperability layers - the vertical view ............................................................46 4.1.3 Reference architecture - the horizontal view......................................................49 4.2 Descriptions of objects and repositories .........................................................................51 4.3 Users ...............................................................................................................................52 4.4 Collections.......................................................................................................................54 4.5 Legal issues ....................................................................................................................56 4.5.1 Cached Copies...................................................................................................57 4.5.2 Access and referencing......................................................................................59 4.5.3 Virtual Spaces and Non-human Agents.............................................................60 4.5.4 Privacy of User Profiles ......................................................................................61 4.6 Economic issues .............................................................................................................61 4.6.1 Operating costs ..................................................................................................63 4.6.2 Revenue model ..................................................................................................64 3 4.6.3 Market positioning ..............................................................................................65 4.6.4 Market and legal incentives................................................................................67 4.6.5 Funding sources.................................................................................................68 5 Technical support for digital library collaboration............................................................70 5.1 Dublin Core Metadata .....................................................................................................71 5.2 Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting ............................................75 5.3 Z39.50 .............................................................................................................................78 5.4 The Digital Object Identifier system ................................................................................80 5.5 METS...............................................................................................................................81 5.6 OpenUrl ...........................................................................................................................84 5.7 RDF .................................................................................................................................86 6 Current collaborative projects.............................................................................................88 6.1 The Joint NSF/JISC International Digital Libraries Initiative ...........................................88 6.2 The University of Washington Digital Libraries Initiative.................................................91 6.3 The British Library Digital Libraries program...................................................................92 6.4 The European Library Project .........................................................................................93 6.5 Digital Cultural Heritage Community of East Central Illinois...........................................95 6.6 Collaborative projects of the U.S. Department of Education ..........................................96 6.7 Chinese Memory Net ......................................................................................................97 6.8 African Online Digital Library...........................................................................................98 7 “Open Access” projects and initiatives ...........................................................................100 7.1 Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities ...100 7.2 Budapest Open Access Initiative ..................................................................................101 7.3 Directory of Open Access Journals...............................................................................103 7.4 The Public Library of Science .......................................................................................104 7.5 Create Change..............................................................................................................105 8 Conclusion and the future directions in digital library collaboration ...........................106 9 References...........................................................................................................................109 4 1 Problem statement and work composition Digital libraries gain more and more importance in the modern world. The trend is the replacement of traditional libraries by digital libraries. In order to increase the efficiency and service quality, digital libraries have to turn to collaboration more and more often. In this work we will explore the field of collaborative work of digital libraries. We will overview the reasons of a digital library for entering collaboration and the benefits resulting from it, we will also describe several models of digital library collaboration. Then we will go over to the research in the area of digital library collaboration, considering the research topics that are most important for efficient and productive collaborative work of digital libraries in the future. As the technical support for the digital library collaboration is being continuously modified, we will give a short overview of the techniques and standards etc. being used at the present time. We will also give a short description of several collaborative projects of digital libraries running at the moment or having just been completed. We will also focus on the field of “open access” initiatives and projects, as this subject gains popularity in the modern world of digital libraries. Finally, we will describe the possible future directions of the digital library collaboration. 5 2 Theoretical