Introduction to Vedic Knowledge first volume: The Study of Vedic Scriptures Along History by Parama Karuna Devi Copyright © 2012 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved. ISBN-10: 1482500361 ISBN-13: 978-1482500363 published by Jagannatha Vallabha Research Center PAVAN House, Siddha Mahavira patana, Puri 752002 Orissa Web presence: http://www.jagannathavallabha.com http://www.facebook.com/ParamaKarunaDevi http://jagannathavallabhavedicresearch.wordpress.com/ The Perception of Vedic Culture in Western History This publication originates from the need to present in a simple, clear, objective and exhaustive way, the basic information about the original Vedic knowledge, that in the course of the centuries has often been confused by colonialist propaganda, through the writings of indologists belonging to the euro-centric Christian academic system (that were bent on refuting and demolishing the vedic scriptures rather than presenting them in a positive way) and through the cultural superimposition suffered by sincere students who only had access to very indirect material, already carefully chosen and filtered by professors or commentators that were afflicted by negative prejudice. It was pope Onorius IV (1286-1287) who inaugurated in the West the study of oriental languages and precisely Hebrew, Greek and Arabic. He had studied at the University of Paris before entering the diplomatic career at the service of pope Clement IV (1265-1268), who sent him to celebrate the crowning of Charles d'Anjou as King of Sicily. After becoming pope, Onorius introduced in the University of Paris the new curriculum (Studia linguarum) aimed at building the languistic knowledge required to understand the original texts of Parama Karuna Devi the Old and New Testament and the Coranic texts, that were the theological, ethical and philosophical foundations of the scholars which in those times were not subject to the Church of Rome: Jews, orthodox Christians and Muslims. The Ecumenic Council of Wien (1311-1312) recognized the importance of Onorius' strategy and encouraged the creation of suitable departments in all the other European universities, that were then under the complete control of the Church of Rome. In fact, all the universities started as Scholae monasticae approved by the papal bull Studia generalia, and were managed by the cathedrals or monasteries and aimed at training priests, government officers, lawyers and pyhysicians that would remain strictly loyal to the Church of Rome. All the students received the clerical tonsure and were only subjected to the ecclesiastic legal authority and not to the authority of the King or any other government agency. The passage from Schola monastica to University (universitas magistrorum et scholarium, "universal community of teachers and scholars") was specifically characterized by the creation of teachers' guilds that acquired a certain organizational autonomy from the parishes on which they initially depended. The first of such universities was recognized in Bologna in 1088, followed by those of Paris in 1150, Oxford (1167), Valencia (1208), Cambridge (1209), Salamanca (1218), Montpellier (1220) and Padova (1222). 4 Introduction to Vedic Knowledge: volume 1 The official language of all universities was Latin, even if the students - coming from all parts of Europe - were divided into "nationes". At the University of Paris these were France, Normandie, Picardie and England- Germany, which also included the students from Scandinavia and eastern Europe. After attending the preliminary courses (trivium: Latin grammar, rhetoric and dialectics, and quadrivium: arithmetics, geometry, music and astronomy) the students proceeded to further degrees of specialization, importance and glory consisting in the studies of arts, natural philosophy, medicine, canonic law and theology. That period saw the resurfacing of some ancient texts that had somehow escaped the anti-pagan devastation conducted by Christians during the previous millennium. However, the only "approved" author allowed to be studied was Aristotle, and his writings were adapted to support the Christian theology, as we can see in the famous Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas. There were also strict limitations on Aristotle's books: his prohibited texts included physics and metaphysics. The arabic texts studied in that period were on mathematics, geometry, medicine and the commentaries on the fragments of Aristotle; the most famous authors were Avicenna e Averroè. Avicenna (Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā, 980-1037 CE), considered the father of modern medicine and "avicennan logic", perhaps the greatest representative of the so-called "golden age of Islam". 5 Parama Karuna Devi He wrote The Book of Healing and the Canon of Medicine, based on the teachings of Sushruta samhita and Charaka samhita as well as the writings of Hyppocrates and Galen. He also explored Indian mathematics and aristotelic and neoplatonic philosophy. Averroè (Abū l-Walīd Muhammad ibn Ahmad Muhammad ibn Rushd, 1126-1198), qadi of Sevilla and Cordoba like his father and grandfather, became famous for his logical refutations in defense of the philosophical search, that he presented as compatible and non-contrary to theology. Specifically, he wrote many famous translations with commentaries to the texts of Aristotle, that had become completely forgotten in the West. His most important work, The Destruction of Destruction (Tahāfut al-tahāfut, in Latin Destructio destructionis) is a refutation of The Destruction of the Philosophers (Tahāfut al-falāsifa, in Latin Destructio philosophorum), the aggressive text in which Al Ghazali presented freedom of thinking as offensive against Islamic theology. Averroè also composed a voluminous text focused on the analysis of the Islamic religious doctrines of his times and a treatise on General Medicine. Because of his defense of the intrinsic value of culture and free thinking, Averroè was pronounced as heretic, exiled and kept under strict control until his death: this sentence is considered the turning point closing the brief period of the "golden age" of Islamic domination. 6 Introduction to Vedic Knowledge: volume 1 Aristotle's works were translated from Greek into Latin also by the monks of Saint Michel, including Giacomo Veneto, starting from 1127. However, the study of Aristotle's philosophy was merely aimed at creating Church leaders that were adequately equipped with the knowledge required to protect it and bring about its triumph at global level. Among the laureates from the University of Paris there were many popes, such as Celestine II, Adrian IV, Innocentius III and Onorius IV. In his attempts at becoming independent from the Church of Rome, Henry VIII of England too established chairs of "Regius Professor" to teach Hebrew at Cambridge in 1540 and at Oxford in 1546; then a department of Arabic was established in Cambridge in 1643. In 1669 Edmund Castell published his "Dictionary of seven language", the Lexicon Heptaglotton Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Samaritanum, Aethiopicum, Arabicum, et Persicum. Of course, all the knowledge offered in the universities had to be subordinated to the Christian doctrine: only in the 19th century, after the French revolution and Napoleon's regime, theology ceased to be a compulsory study in the universities - first in Paris and then in Oxford. Indology proper (as the study of Sanskrit and Vedic texts) only started after a new sea route to the Indies became feasible. During the period of Islamic expansion, commerce with India was strictly controlled and exploited by Muslims, therefore the European kingdoms suffered great economic losses due to the 7 Parama Karuna Devi extreme rise in the cost of spices. At that time, spices were used as medicines, flavorings and preservatives for food, as well as ingredients for perfumes and scents for body, clothing and houses. We need to remember that in that period there was no refrigeration system, the Christian rules discouraged people from taking baths and toilets were seriously rudimentary. The crusades failed in their attempt to take the Middle East away from Islam, and south Europe had to engage in a hard war on its very territory - Spain, south Italy, Greece - to fight back the invasions of the "Sarrasins". Only in 1491 the King of Spain was able to retake Grenada from the hands of the Muslims. When Constantinople fell in the hands of the Turks, the European monarchs started to seek urgently for a sea route that could allow them to reach the Indies without having to travel through the territories occupied by Islam. This was precisely the plan of Christopher Columbus, as when he started his journey in 1492 he was not looking for America but rather for India, It was also the plan of Vasco da Gama (journey from 1497 to 1499), Magellan (journey of 1519-1522) and other great navigators of those times. The explicit ambition of those monarchs was the direct conquest of the territories and their resources, to be exploited for the greater power of Christianity, so each expedition was accompanied by an ambassador of the Church of Rome, who was to report everything to the pope. Francis (Francisco) Xavier de Jasso y Azpilicueta (1506-1552) had graduated from Paris University 8 Introduction to Vedic Knowledge: volume 1 together with Ignatius Loyola and Pierre Favre. He left in 1549 to accompany the Portuguese expedition of Vasco da Gama and organize India's christianization. Initially Xavier had founded the Jesuit order together with Ignatius of Loyola and other 5 friends, with the declared purpose of "converting all the Muslims of the Middle East", but as that task had proven impossible, the Company of Jesus shifted its attention to the fabulous Indies. The Portuguese expedition landed at Goa, on the west coast of India, taking possession of the territory in the name of the pope and immediately founding the College of Saint Paul, a seminar to train lay priests, that was entrusted to by Michele Ruggieri. This became the headquarters of the Jesuits in Asia, the base from which Nobili, Ricci and Beschi started for their missions respectively to India and to the Far East.