2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page i THE POWER OF MEMORY IN MODERN JAPAN 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page ii 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page iii THE POWER OF MEMORY IN MODERN JAPAN Edited by Sven Saaler and Wolfgang Schwentker 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page iv THE POWER OF MEMORY IN MODERN JAPAN Edited by Sven Saaler and Wolfgang Schwentker First published 2008 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD PO Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Global Oriental Ltd 2008 ISBN 978-1-905246-38-0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in Stone Serif 9.5 on 10.5 by IDSUK (DataConnection) L:td Printed and bound in England by Athenaeum Press, Tyne and wear 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page v Contents List of Contributors viii Note on Transliteration xi INTRODUCTION 1. The Realms of Memory: Japan and Beyond SVEN SAALER and WOLFGANG SCHWENTKER 1 Part 1: Memory in Politics and International Relations 2. For the Nation or for the People? History and Memory of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan TAKASHI YOSHIDA 17 3. Japan’s ‘Comfort Women’ and Historical Memory: The Neo-nationalist Counter-attack YONSON AHN 32 4. Tokko– Zaidan: A Case Study of Institutional Japanese War Memorialization M.G. SHEFTALL 54 5. Remembering the War Crimes Trial: The Tokyo Trial View of History YUKI TAKATORI 78 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page vi vi Contents 6. Historical Memory and Shiba Ryo–taro–: Remembering Russia, Creating Japan ALEXANDER BUKH 96 7. Developing Memories: Alumni Newsletters in Japanese Development Assistance ANNETTE SKOVSTED HANSEN 116 Part 2 : Institutions of Memory: Memorials, Museums, National Heroes 8. Remodelling Public Space: The Fate of War Monuments, 1945–48 MICHAEL LUCKEN 135 9. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and its Exhibition STEFANIE SCHÄFER 155 10. A Usable Past? Historical Museums of the Self-Defence Forces and the Construction of Continuities ANDRÉ HERTRICH 171 11. The New Image of Childhood in Japan During the Years 1945–49 and the Construction of a Japanese Collective Memory CHRISTIAN GALAN 189 12. Sato– Eisaku, Yasuoka Masahiro and the Re-establishment of 11 February as National Day: The Political Use of National Memory in Post-war Japan EDDY DUFOURMONT 204 13. How Did Saigo– Takamori Become a National Hero After His Death? The Political Uses of Saigo–’s Figure and the Interpretation of seikanron – NORIKO BERLINGUEZ-KONO 222 Part 3 : Popular and Intellectual Representations of Memory 14. Literary Memories of the Pacific War – Fiction or Non-fiction? Some Criteria for Further Research on Japanese War Literature HARALD MEYER 243 15. The Nokorimono Mode: Remembering the Atomic Bomb in The Diary of Moriwaki Yo–ko ADAM LEBOWITZ 257 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page vii Contents vii 16. Becoming Insects: Imamura Sho–hei and the Entomology of Modernity BILL MIHALOPOULOS 277 17. Memories of a Liberal, Liberalism of Memory: Tsuda So–kichi and a Few Things He Forgot to Mention JOËL JOOS 291 Part 4: Realms of Memory – Centre and Periphery 18. New Dimensions in Sino-Japanese Relations and the Memory of the Sino-Japanese War, 1894–95 VALDO FERRETTI 311 19. Development for Preservation: Localizing Collective Memory in 1960s Kanazawa PETER SIEGENTHALER 319 20. The Remembrance of the 1871 Nakano Uprising in Takayama Village as a Contemporary Trauma in Village Life Today SELÇUK ESENBEL 337 21. History and the Construction of Collective Memory: Positivist Historiography in the Age of the Imperial Rescript on Education ALISTAIR SWALE 360 Index 375 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page viii List of Contributors Yonson Ahn is a research fellow at the East Asian Institute, the University of Leipzig, Germany. She has been conducting research on Korean ‘comfort women’ and Japanese soldiers during the Asia-Pacific War as well as on historical debates in Korea and Japan since the 1980s. Noriko Berlinguez-Ko–no is Associate Professor of Japanese Studies at the Université de Lille III, France, and an associate member of the Centre de Recherches sur le Japon at the Ecole de Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) where she obtained her PhD in historical soci- ology. Among her articles which focus on the perception of foreigners in modern and contemporary Japan is ‘Debates on Naichi Zakkyo (1879–1899): Spencerian Influence of Social Evolutionism on the Perception of the West’, in: Bert Edström (ed.), The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions (2000). Alexander Bukh holds a PhD in International Relations and is cur- rently a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow at Waseda University in Tokyo. His research focuses on the place of Russia in modern Japan’s identity con- struction. He is the author of the forthcoming Japan’s National Identity and Foreign Policy: Russia as Japan’s ‘Other’. Eddy Dufourmont is a PhD candidate at The University of Tokyo and at INALCO (France). His research focuses on Yasuoka Masahiro and Confucianism in Japanese politics in the twentieth century. Selçuk Esenbel is Professor of History in the Department of History, Bogazici University in Istanbul. She is the author of Even the Gods Rebel: Peasants of Takaino and the 1871 Nakano Uprising (1998) and co-editor of 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page ix List of Contributors ix The Rising Sun and the Turkish Crescent: New Perspectives on Japanese- Turkish Relations (2003). In 2007, she was awarded the Japan Foundation Special Prize for Japanese Studies. Valdo Ferretti is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ and a member of the Italian Institute for Africa and the East. Among his books is Da Portsmouth a Sarajevo: la politica estera giapponese e l’equilibri o europeo (1905–1914) (1989). Christian Galan is an Associate Professor at the Department for Foreign Languages, Japanese Section, at the Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail in France, author of L’Enseignement de la lecture au Japon – Politique et éduca- tion (2002) and co-editor of Langue, lecture et école au Japan (2006). Annette Skovsted Hansen is an Associate Professor at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. Her research focuses on the history of Japanese development assistance. She co-edited Aid Relationships in Asia: Exploring Ownership in Japanese and Nordic Aid in Asia (2007). André Hertrich is a PhD candidate in Japanese History and a gradu- ate student in Peace and Conflict Studies at the Centre for Conflict Studies in Marburg, Germany. He has been conducting research on the civil-military relations in post-war Japan and the build-up of the Self Defence Forces. Joël Joos received his PhD at the University of Leuven (Belgium) and is currently a JSPS Fellow at the University of Okayama. Recent publications include ‘A Stinking Tradition: Tsuda So–kichi’s View of China,’ in East Asian History 28 (December 2004), and ‘The Insignificant Sinification: Tsuda So–kichi’s (1873–1961) Views on the Fate of Chinese Thought in Japan’, in Japanizing – The Structure and Culture of Thinking in Japan (2006). Adam Lebowitz teaches English as a Foreign Language at the University of Tsukuba. His recent political essays and translations have appeared on the website Japan Focus. His Japanese poetry has been pub- lished in the literary monthly Shi to Shiso–. Michael Lucken is an Associate Professor at the Institut Nationale des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris, and author of Grenades et amertume: les peintres japonais a l’epreuve de la guerre, 1935–1952 (2005). Harald Meyer is an Associate Professor at the East Asian Seminar at the University of Zurich and author of Die ‘Taisho–-Demokratie’. Begriffsgeschichtliche Studien zur Demokratierezeption in Japan von 1900 bis 1920 (2005) Bill Mihalopoulos is Assistant Professor in the Department of History at Northern Michigan University. He has published articles in Economy and Society and Postcolonial Studies. An unabashed, long time admirer 2357_01_Prelims 5/10/08 1:09 PM Page x x List of Contributors of Imamura Sho–hei, he hopes to publish a longer study of his films in the future. Sven Saaler is an Associate Professor at The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. He is author of Politics, Memory and Public Opinion. The History Textbook Controversy and Japanese Society (2005), co-editor of Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History (2007) and co-author of Japanische Impressionen eines Kaiserlichen Gesandten. Karl von Eisendecher im Japan der Meiji-Zeit (2007). Stefanie Schäfer is a PhD candidate in Japanese Postwar History at Cornell University. She studied Japanese Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Tübingen (Germany) where she received a MA with a thesis on the history of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Wolfgang Schwentker is Professor at the Graduate School of Human Sciences at Osaka University where he teaches comparative social and intellectual history. Among his books are Max Weber in Japan (1998) and Die Samurai (2003). He co-edited Erinnerungskulturen. Deutschland, Italien und Japan seit 1945 (2002). M.G. Sheftall is an Associate Professor of Communication Studies at the Faculty of Informatics of Shizuoka University and author of Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (2005). Peter Siegenthaler is an Assistant Professor at the Department of History at Texas State University. His dissertation followed the architec- tural preservation, public memory and localization of political control in Japan from 1950–65.