ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.05,Issue.13 May-2016, Pages:2637-2640 www.ijsetr.com Urban Sprawl: A Case Study of Kodada Town in Nalgonda District of Telangana State YASIR ABDULAMEER NAYYEF PG Scholar, Dept of Geo-Informatics, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, TS, India, E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract: The process of urban is a universal phenomenon taking place the world over, where humans dwell. All countries are prone to this bewildering phenomenon chiefly responsible due to the increase in population growth, economy and infrastructure initiatives. The extent of the sprawl is one such phenomenon that drives the change in land use patterns. The sprawl normally takes place in radial direction around the town centre or in linear direction along the highways. Usually sprawl takes place on the urban fringe, at the edge of an urban area or along the highways. The present study is Kodada municipality of Telangana state. It is a municipality and the mandal headquarters of Kodad mandal in Suryapet division. It lies on the National Highway 65 between Hyderabad and Vijayawada. It has the population of 64,234. The study area is situated in latitude16° 59' 49.4880'' N and the longitude79° 58' 2.4996'' E. It is located on the eastern side of Nalgonda District of the southern Indian state of Telangana. Kodada climate is too hot in summer. Kodad summer highest day temperature is in between 35 °C to 48 °C. Average temperatures of January is 24 °C, February is 26 °C, March is 29 °C, April is 33 °C, May is 36 °C . Keywords: Urbanization, Temperature, GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques. I. INTRODUCTION Urbanization is the process of transformation of rural areas 1979 and 1986; Joshi et. al., 2006b; Voorde et. al., 2007; into urban areas due to immigration, industrialization and Walker and Briggs, 2007). economic development. The processes of urbanization and economic development are interrelated to each other (Breese, The rapid urbanization has been described mainly from a 1978). There are widespread concerns about the socio-economic point of view (McGee, 1991 and 1995). The understanding and curbing of urban sprawl, which has been extent of urbanization and its growth drives the change in cited for its negative impacts on natural resources, economic land use land cover patterns. Land use and land cover development and quality of life of the society. There is not, changes may have adverse impacts on environment of the however, a universally accepted definition of urban sprawl. It area. So, as a result, increasing research interest is being has been described using quantitative measures, qualitative directed to the mapping and monitoring of urban sprawl terms, attitudinal explanations, and landscape patterns. using GIS and remote sensing techniques (Epstein et. al., Hence, an attempt has been made to help local, regional and 2002). Remote sensing is cost effective technology and is state level land use planners to better understand and address increasingly being used for the impact analysis of urban the issues attributed to urban sprawl at large. Currently, sprawl (Sudhira et. al., 2004; Yang and Liu, 2005; Haack and debates over urban form have generally focused on the Rafter, 2006). During the last about three decades, extensive contrast between the “sprawl” often seen as typical of the research efforts have been made for urban change detection United States and “compact” urban forms found in parts of using remote sensing satellite imagery (Gomarasca et. al., Europe. Although these debates are presumed to have 1993; Green et. al., 1994; Yeh and Li, 2001; Yang and Lo, implications for developing worlds as well, systematic 2003; Haack and Rafter, 2006). Although the debate over comparison of urban forms between developed and whether a “sprawling” urban form is best for the quality of developing countries has been lacking. There are studies base life has not been fully settled (Dear, 2001). There are number on land use land cover derived from remotely sensed satellite of dimensions of sprawl such as the density, continuity, imagery, determines the geographic extents, patterns, and concentration, clustering, centrality, mixed uses, and classes of urban growth over time (Ward et. al., 2000). Land proximity which were considered for urban sprawl (Harvey Use classification in context to the broad categories help to and Clark, 1971). assess the urban settlements, open spaces and inbuilt-up land Objectives: parcels, recreational and forested areas etc. (Lo and Yang, To detect the percent increase in urban sprawl during 2002; Myeong et. al., 2006; Thanapura et. al., 2007; Tucker, 1969 to 2016 with the help of Satellite Imagery. To study the issues dependable for Urban Sprawl. Copyright @ 2016 IJSETR. All rights reserved. YASIR ABDULAMEER NAYYEF Shannon‟s entropy is used to measure the degree of spatial concentration or dispersion of population variable (Xi) among n spatial units or zones. Entropy is also used to indicate the degree of urban sprawl by examining whether land development is dispersed or compact (Sudhira et. al., 2004 and Joshi et. al., 2006a). The present study involves the collection of satellite imagery. Processing the imagery and image interpretation for development of Land use maps is done with the help of Arc GIS and ERDAS Imagine software. The obtained maps are studied and analyzed to detect the change in urban sprawl. Future prediction is done based on past data. III. STUDY AREA The present study is Kodada municipality of Telangana state. It is a municipality and the mandal headquarters of Kodad mandal in Suryapet division. It lies on the National Highway 65 between Hyderabad and Vijayawada.It has the population of 65,234. The study area is situated in latitude16° 59' 49.4880'' N and the longitude79° 58' 2.4996'' E. It is located on the eastern side of Nalgonda District of the southern Indian state of Telangana. Kodada climate is too Hot in summer. Kodad summer highest day temperature is in Fig.1. between 35 °C to 48 °C. Average temperatures of January is II. METHODOLOGY 24 °C, February is 26 °C, March is 29 °C, April is 33 °C, The conventional surveying and mapping techniques are May is 36 °C .Kodada municipality has an area of 4.92 km2. expensive and time consuming for the estimation of urban The ratio of male and female population is 49% and 51% and sprawl. Such information is not easily available for most of the literacy rate is 96.7%.Sex ratio is 1060 females to 1000 the urban centers and cities. So, as a result, increasing males. Child sex ratio is 1100 girls to 1000 boys.Kodada is research interest is being directed to the mapping and familiar for higher education. Kodadamunicipality has well monitoring of urban sprawl using GIS and remote sensing developed with underground drainage System, drinking water techniques (Epstein et. al., 2002). Remote sensing is cost and cement roads in all interior streets. This town has good effective technology and is increasingly being used for the number of apartments and the living standards are high. impact analysis of urban sprawl (Sudhira et. al., 2004; Yang Kodada town gradually change its infrastructure with the and Liu, 2005; Haack and Rafter, 2006) on the land use land construction of new municipal offices, shopping complexes cover changes. During the past about three decades, and other important commercial establishments. It has extensive research efforts have been made for urban change become the most congested town in the district as a result of detection using remote sensing satellite imagery (Gomarasca new settlements and rapid expansion. It is expected to be the et. al., 1993; Green et. al., 1994; Yeh and Li, 2001; Yang and most populous town in the district. Lo, 2003; Haack and Rafter, 2006). All these studies have been supported through either an image-to-image comparison or a post-classification comparison for better management and monitoring of urban sprawl. GIS along with statistical techniques and remote sensing have been used in many urban sprawl studies (Rodriguez-Buchiller, 2004; Lo, 2001; Lo and Yang, 2002; Weng, 2001; Sui, 1998; Wilson, 1998; Wood, 2007, Wu et. al., 2006; Xia and Yeh, 2004; Yeh and Li, 1998; Cheng and Masser, 2003; Sudhira et. al., 2004). The integration of GIS and database management systems has helped in quantifying, monitoring, modelling, and subsequently predicting the urban sprawl. Shannon‟s entropy has been used in number of studies to quantify urban forms, such as built-up area in terms of spatial phenomenon (Yeh and Li, 2001; Sudhira et. al., 2004; Joshi et. al., 2006a). Shannon‟s entropy is based on the concept of information theory. It is a measure of uncertainty about the realisation of a random variable, like urban sprawl taking place in the form of built-up land patches in newly developed areas. Fig.2. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.05, IssueNo.13, May-2016, Pages: 2637-2640 Urban Sprawl: A Case Study of Kodada Town in Nalgonda District of Telangana State A. Position of Kodada Town in 1969 C. Changes of Position in Kodada Town Kodada town built up area is 0.31sq.km. Area of water Kodada town built up area is increased to 4.16 sq.km from body is 2.21sq.km. In 1969 the town is not a city; it is a one 1969 to 2016.Area of water body is decreased -0.75 sq.km. of the Gram Panchayat in Nalgonda district. TABLE I: Changes of Position in Kodada1969 – 2016 Fig.3. B. Position of Kodada Town in 2016 Kodada town built up area is 4.92sq.km. Area under water Fig.5. body is 1.46sq.km. The total population of town is 65,234, Male population is 49%, female population is 51% and sex D.