Asian Journal of Printed 2012.0430 ISSN2186-3350 HUMAN Published by Asian Society of Human Services April 2012 SERVICES VOL.2 Asian Society of Human Services Human Asian Journal of Human Services , VOL.2 29-37 活の質(QOL)に関する研究－性別による活動群と非活動群からの比較検討－. 共栄 Services 学園短期大学研究紀要, 23, 111-125． ORIGINAL ARTICLE 3 5） 町田一男･原美智子･松田直･永井真紀･太田裕子 (2004) 知的障害養護学校卒業後の A Study on the Relationship between the Community 生活－その実態と支援･相談の方向性－. 群馬大学教育実践研究, 21, 261-273. Organizing Movement and the Emergence of Social 6） 宮本文雄･大野由三 (1996) 知的障害者(養護学校卒業生)の余暇活動に関する研究－ 年齢の要因からの分析を通して－. 東京成徳大学研究紀要, 3, 163-176. Enterprise in Korea 7） 奥住秀之・國分充・橋本真規・北島善夫 (2008) 知的障害特別支援学校に通う高校生 -Focused on Relationship with Self-Sufficiency Project- における卒業後の労働と余暇に対する意識. SNE ジャーナル, 14, 90-107. 1) 8） 奥住秀之・國分充・北島善夫 (2010) 知的障害特別支援学校高等部生徒における卒業 Moon-Kuk LEE 後の労働と余暇に対する期待. SNE ジャーナル, 16, 85-96. 9） 奥住秀之・池田吉史・國分充 (2011) 知的障害特別支援学校生徒における労働期待感 1) Shin Ansan University, Dept. of Social Welfare. と学校生活充実度及び学習・生活スキルとの関連. アジア職業リハビリテーション研 671 Choji-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-city, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 究, 1, 22-27. [email protected] ） 奥住秀之・國分充・北島善夫 知的障害特別支援学校高等部生徒の現在および 10 (2011) 卒業後の余暇活動 ジャーナル . SNE , 17, 161-173. 11） 高畑庄蔵･武蔵博文 (1997) 知的障害者の食生活,運動･スポーツ等の現状についての ABSTRACT 調査研究－本人･保護者のニーズの分析による地域生活支援のあり方－. 発達障害研 究, 19, 51-60. This article is intended to identify the relationship between various community organizing activities and the emergence of social enterprise in Korean society. That is to say, it is the emergence of social enterprise creating employment and supplying various social services in Korean society that is the historical outcome which has been created by community leaders' groups in the process of diverse community organizing activities. Their appearances are not in any sense an accident. For that reason, it was willing to prove using historical reviews as follows: Social enterprises in Korea have made their appearance through a historical unfolding process of the third sector movement since 1990 such as workers' collectives, micro-credit movement, self-sufficiency community enterprises, etc. As a result, social enterprise promotion act was finally legislated in 2007 and social enterprises were naturally institutionalized in Korean society. ＜Key-words＞ community organizing, Self-sufficiency Project, social enterprise Asian J Human Services, 2012, 2:29-37. © 2012 Asian Society of Human Services Ⅰ. Introduction Received The Aim of this paper identifies the relationship between the emergence of social December 13,2011 enterprise in Korea and the various community organizing action in urban Accepted February 6,2012 redevelopment areas such as people's organizing, workers' cooperative's movement, and Published April 30,2012 29 Human Asian Journal of Human Services , VOL.2 29-37 Services Self-sufficiency projects. It is the appearance of social enterprise creating employment and providing various social services in Korean society that is not an accident but a natural outcome or historical product. In this perspective, the developmental process of social enterprise in Korean society is largely divided into three periods historically as the following: 1) The period of the workers' cooperative movement, 2) The period of Self-Sufficiency Project, and 3) The period of the legislation of Social Enterprise Promotion Act Ⅱ. The period of the workers' cooperative movement: 1990-1995 The Self-sufficiency Project had started as a demonstrational project in 1996 and was later established as one of the national institutions, when the National BasicLivelihood Security Act was implemented in 2000. But the Self-sufficiency Project had already existed as a voluntary activity of civil society in Korea(Lee, Moon-Kuk, 1999). That is, the workers' cooperative movement, a branch of community movements of the urban-poor area, was a paramount example. With the People's Church, which carried out the democratization movement in the urban redevelopment areas in the 1970s and 1980s, the activists initiated the workers' cooperative movement in the 1990s. The People's Church means "church, whose pivotal tasks are mainly conducting missionary and serving for the people to become empowered'' in the urban poor area, known as, 'Daldongnae'(The Korea Center for City and Environment Research, 1996), and "church that organizes, educates, and trains for the poor to solve their own problems by themselves, as well as pursues the solution of the structural problems, instead of simply providing the missionary focusing on charity for the poor"(Op. Cit., p. 264). With the basis of this principle of spirit and action, the people's church greatly contributed to both the democratic improvement and the growth of the activists led workers’ cooperative movement in the 1990s. Furthermore, through the workers’ cooperative movement, they tried to elevate the political power of the residents by overcoming economic disadvantages of the poor, and encouraging both enlightenment and organization of the residents, which were the ultimate concerns of the community movement(Shin Myung-Ho, 1999; Lee, Ho, 1994). Translated and published domestically in 1992, the case of Mondragon cooperative complex was applied as a momentum of the workers’ cooperative movement. The leaders of the People’s Church linked with various networks, jointly studied and positively embraced this case(Shin, Myung-Ho & Kim, Hong-Il, 2002). Received The case of Mondragon cooperative complex enabled the workers to recognize that in December 13,2011 capitalism, they were able to enhance productivity without being alienated by the labor Accepted February 6,2012 itself and the labor process. Based upon this acknowledgment, the leaders of the People's Published Church led the workers’ cooperative movement in the urban redevelopment area heavily April 30,2012 30 Human Asian Journal of Human Services , VOL.2 29-37 Self-sufficiency projects. It is the appearance of social enterprise creating employment Services populated with the poor. The fact that the workers' cooperative movement was mainly and providing various social services in Korean society that is not an accident but a advanced in the poor area, in which the urban redevelopment project was processed, natural outcome or historical product. means that the characteristics of the Self-sufficiency Project prior to institutionalization In this perspective, the developmental process of social enterprise in Korean society is were strikingly similar to those of the urban cooperative movement(The Korea Center for largely divided into three periods historically as the following: 1) The period of the City and Environment Research, 2003). workers' cooperative movement, 2) The period of Self-Sufficiency Project, and 3) The The workers' cooperative movement, with a medium of production activity in the period of the legislation of Social Enterprise Promotion Act metropolitan areas, sought for the formation of the community that exchanges significantly strong bonds and shares more intimate relationships with the residents. It Ⅱ. The period of the workers' cooperative movement: 1990-1995 was considered that this such social reformation movement was introduced to implant a new human-centered economic community, which was frequently referred to as the The Self-sufficiency Project had started as a demonstrational project in 1996 and was alternative economy or the social economy to Korean society. later established as one of the national institutions, when the National BasicLivelihood The focus of the workers’cooperative movement in the early stage was for the poor to Security Act was implemented in 2000. fight against the unstable employment and the complex subcontract structure they But the Self-sufficiency Project had already existed as a voluntary activity of civil confronted; however, it was not able to become an axis of the social economy that equals society in Korea(Lee, Moon-Kuk, 1999). That is, the workers' cooperative movement, a to the workers’ cooperative and the social cooperative in Europe. It remained as a simple branch of community movements of the urban-poor area, was a paramount example. level of a group or a joint workshop for the urban working poor. Through acknowledging With the People's Church, which carried out the democratization movement in the urban the case of Mondragon cooperative complex, however, a grand discourse, striving to redevelopment areas in the 1970s and 1980s, the activists initiated the workers' overcome two major ideologies of capitalism and socialism, was oriented. cooperative movement in the 1990s. The first community organization considered as an original form of the workers’ The People's Church means "church, whose pivotal tasks are mainly conducting cooperative was the construction workers’ group 'Dureh' that was launched in 1990. missionary and serving for the people to become empowered'' in the urban poor area, Dureh, the construction production community composed mainly of irregular known as, 'Daldongnae'(The Korea Center for City and Environment Research, 1996), construction workers in the local communities, was organized by pastor H, who and "church that organizes, educates, and trains for the poor to solve their own problems established the movement for the poor since 1974. In the previous year of 1989, having by themselves, as well as pursues the solution of the structural problems, instead of realized the great difference between the life of a pastor, a well-educated middle class simply providing the missionary focusing on charity for the poor"(Op. Cit., p. 264). With man, and those of the poor,