National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Early Detection of Invasive Species: Surveillance, Monitoring, and Rapid Response Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network and Northeast Temperate Network Natural Resource Report NPS/ERMN/NRR—2010/196 ON THE COVER Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos). Photograph by: Jennifer Stingelin Keefer. Early Detection of Invasive Species: Surveillance, Monitoring, and Rapid Response Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network and Northeast Temperate Network Natural Resource Data Series NPS/ERMN/NRR—2010/196 Jennifer Stingelin Keefer1, Matthew R. Marshall2, and Brian R. Mitchell3 1The Pennsylvania State University School of Forest Resources 309 Forest Resources Laboratory University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 2National Park Service Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network 420 Forest Resources Building University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 3National Park Service Northeast Temperate Network Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller NHP 54 Elm Street Woodstock, Vermont 05091 May 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and whose background and expertise put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. This report is available from (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ermn/ and http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/netn/) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM). Please cite this publication as: Keefer, J. S., M. R. Marshall, and B. R. Mitchell. 2010. Early detection of invasive species: surveillance, monitoring, and rapid response: Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network and Northeast Temperate Network. Natural Resource Report NPS/ERMN/NRR–2010/196. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 962/102272, May 2010 ii Contents Page Figures............................................................................................................................................. v Tables............................................................................................................................................ vii Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)......................................................................................... ix Appendixes .................................................................................................................................... xi Revision History ..........................................................................................................................xiii Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................... xvii Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background and History..........................................................................................................1 Why Perform Invasive Species Early Detection (ISED)? ....................................................... 2 Measurable Objectives............................................................................................................. 3 Parks Involved ......................................................................................................................... 4 Sampling Design............................................................................................................................. 7 Selecting Early Detection Species........................................................................................... 7 Invasive Species Early Detection Field Guide ........................................................................ 7 Opportunistic Sampling........................................................................................................... 8 Alert System .......................................................................................................................... 11 Rapid Response ..................................................................................................................... 11 Mapping................................................................................................................................. 12 Field Methods ............................................................................................................................... 13 Field Season Preparations and Equipment Set-up................................................................. 13 iii Gathering Field Data.............................................................................................................. 13 Sample Collection and Post-collection Processing................................................................ 14 Data Management and Reporting ................................................................................................. 15 Database................................................................................................................................. 15 Data Entry, Verification, and Validation............................................................................... 15 Data Archival Procedures...................................................................................................... 15 Data Analysis and Reporting................................................................................................. 15 Protocol Revision................................................................................................................... 15 Personnel Requirements and Training.......................................................................................... 17 Roles and Responsibilities..................................................................................................... 17 Training Procedures............................................................................................................... 17 Operational Requirements ............................................................................................................ 19 Annual Workload and Field Schedule................................................................................... 19 Budget and Staffing Scenarios............................................................................................... 19 Facility and Equipment Needs............................................................................................... 19 Interagency Cooperation and Education................................................................................ 20 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 21 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Photo taken by Jennifer Stingelin Keefer. ............................................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Location of parks in the Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network (ERMN). ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3. Location of parks in the Northeast Temperate Network (NETN).................................. 5 Figure 4. Early Detection of Invasive Species Surveillance Monitoring Field Guide title page and species card example. .................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. Park-specific target early detection species list card example. .................................... 10 v Tables Page Table 1. General field season sampling months for each monitoring crew in the Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network (ERMN) and Northeast Temperate Network (NETN). ......................................................................................................................... 18 Table 2. Estimated yearly costs for one part-time Invasive