RHETORICAL CRITICISM AND ZECHARIAH: ANALYSIS OF A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING CHIASTIC STRUCTURES IN BIBLICAL KEBREW TEXTS WADE ALBERT WHm B.A. ATLANTIC BAPTIST COLLEGE, 1995 M.DIV.ACADIA UNIVERSITY, 1997 THESIS SUBMITïED IN PARTIAL rmLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (THEOLOGY) ACADIA UNIVERSEY SPRING CONVOCATION 1999 O WADE ALBERT WHITE 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seIl reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheMrise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS "Post proelium. praerniitm" (Afer the battle, the reward). A project of this scope and intensity is never the product of the individual alone. My sincere gratitude goes to the faculty and staff of Acadia Divinity College for their cornmitment to and faithfulness in creating an environment whereby the student is challenged to grow both intellectually and spiritually. Special thanks to Dr. Timothy R. Ashley, my thesis supervisor, who, through insightful teaching and a gentle wisdom-both inside and outside the classroom-served as a mode1 of integrity and academic excellence. This has been true not only in relation to the present project, but over the course of my graduate studies as a whole. Shawn P. White, an esteemed colleague and loyal friend, stimulated me to attain greater heights through his own scholastic endeavors and a wonderful sense of hurnor. Robert R. Nylen, a steadfast friend for many yem and tireless traveling cornpanion during our studies together at Acadia, always managed to instill a sense of balance and perspective. The staff at the Vaughan Mernorial Library provided helpful and courteous assistance, especially in the area of interlibrary loans. Dr. David Baron of Acadia University's English Department provided engaging conversation, and within a limited amount of time enlightened me conceming the depths of literary criticism. Finally, and most importantly, Wendy, rny wife, was a constant source of loving encouragement and occasional prodding for the duration of this project. To al1 of you 1 offer my heartfelt thanks and sincere appreciation. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOW LEDGMENTS .............................................................................. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................... ... ........................................ ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... Chapter 1 . CHIASMUS IN BIBLICAL HEBREW: IN SEARCH OF A RELIABLE METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 1.1 Chiasmus: Definition and Patterns ..................................................... 1.2 A Survey of Studies in Chiastic Structures ........................................ 1.3 A Critique of Buttemiorth's Methodology ........................................ 1.4 Literay Intention: Implications for Rhetorical Studies ...................... 1.5 A New Methodology for Detennining Chiastic Structures ................. 2 . A CRITIQUE OF PROPOSED CHIASMS IN ZECHARIAH ............... 2.1 Analysis of Proposed Chiastic Structures in Zechariah .................... Zechariah 1 :1 -6 ..................... .. ................*.*.*......*...... Zechariah 1: 7-17 ........................................................... Zechuriah 2: 1-4 [Eng . 1: 18-211 ...................................... Zechariah 25-9 [Eng . 2: 1-51 ......................................... Zechariah 2: 1 O- 17 [Eng . 2:6- 131 .................................... Zechariah 2:5-17 [Eng. 2: 1. 131 ..................................... Zechariah 3: 1 .10 ................................... ...................... Zechariah 4: 1 .6aa. 6ab-1 Oaa. 1Oab- 14 .......................... Zechariah 5: 1-4 ............................................................ Zechariah 55-1 1 ........................................................... Zlechariuh 6:î-8 ............................................................ Zechariah 6:9-15 ........................................................... Zechariah 7-8 ............................................................... Zechariah 9: 1-8 ............................................................ 2.1.15 Zechariah9:g-17 ........................................................... 62 2.1.16 Zecharinh10:l-11:3 ......................... .. ....................... 63 2.1.17 Zechariah11:4-17+ 13:7-9 ........................................... 65 2.1.18 Zechariah12.1-13.6 ...................................................... 68 2.1.19 Zechariah 14 ............................................................... 70 2.2 Summary ................................................................................ 74 3 . FURTHER EXAMPLES OF CHIASMUS IN ZECHARIAH ................. 76 3.1 Chiastic Structures in Zechariah ........................................................ 79 Zechariah 1:2 .................................................................... 79 Zechariah 1:3 .................................................................... 82 Zechariah 8:3 .................................................................... 85 Zechariah 8:6 .................................................................... 85 Zechariah 9:14a and 9:14b ................................................ 86 Zechariah 10:6a ................................................................. 90 Zechariah 1O:IIb ............................................................... 91 Zechariah IO: 12a ...........................*..*.. .,. .......................... 92 Zechariah /3:9b ............................................................... 93 3.2 Surnmary ......................................................................................... 94 4 . CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... 96 4.1 Application of the Methodology: Psalm 1 17 .................................. 96 4.2 Summary and Possibilities for Further Research ............................. 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 . Lexical Repetitions in Psalm 1 17 ............................................*.......*........*.-.. 99 2 . Semantic Pairs in Psalm 1 17 .......................................................................... 101 3 . GenderIdentificationofWords inPsaIrn 117 ................................................ 103 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABD D.N. Freedman, ed. Anclior Bible Dictionary. 6 Vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. A JSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures ATR Anglican Theolog ical Review BASOR Bulletin of the American Society of Oriental Research BDB F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Reprint. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1959. BHS K. Elliger and W. Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1967/77. Bib Biblica BT Bible Translutor CBQ Catholic Biblical Qicnrîerly ErpT Exposito ry Times Gibson J.C.L.Gibson. Davidson 's Introductory Hebrew Grammar-Syntax. 4th Edition. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1994. GKC E. Kautzsch, ed. Gensenius' Hebrew Grammar. Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Claredon, 19 10. HALOT Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, eds. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 3 Vols. Trans. by M. E. G. Richardson. Leiden: E.J. Bill, 1994- 1996. HeyJ Heyth rop Jou mal HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IB Interpreter's Bible IBHS B. Waltke, and M. O'Conner. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN:Eisenbrauns, 1990. ICC International Critical Commentary IBDSup Interpreter 's Dictionary of the Bible: Supplernentary Volume IF Introductory Formula Int ISB E G.E. Bromiley, ed. Internarional Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Revised Edition. 4 vols. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1979- 1988. ITC International Theological Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBQ Jewish Bible Quarterly JETS Journal of the Evangelicol Theological Society JQR Jewish Quarterly Revkw JR Journal of Religion JSOT Journal for the Study of the 0fd Testament JSOTSup JSOT Supplement Senes LXX The Septuagint Ms, Mss Manuscript, Manuscripts MT The Masoretic Text SBL Society of Biblical Literature SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature, Dissenation Series SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers SDO Sign of the Direct Object (ne) TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries UF Ugarit-Forsch