Embryonic Stem Cell Research Literatures Mark Herbert, PhD World Development Institute 39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, [email protected] Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies. [Mark H. Embryonic Stem Cell Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):38-217]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.06. Key words: stem cell; life; research; literature Introduction systems: suspension vs. adherent conditions. In the The stem cell is the origin of an organism’s life present study, an ES cell line derived from an Atoh1- that has the potential to develop into many different green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mouse was types of cells in life bodies. In many tissues stem cells used to track the generation of otic progenitors, initial serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing HCs and to compare these two differentiation systems. essentially without limit to replenish other cells as We used a two-step short-term differentiation method long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem involving an induction period of 5 days during which cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to ES cells were cultured in the presence of remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with Wnt/transforming growth factor TGF-beta inhibitors a more specialized function, such as a red blood cell or and insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 to suppress a brain cell. This article introduces recent research mesoderm and reinforce presumptive ectoderm and reports as references in the related studies. otic lineages. The generated embryoid bodies were The following introduces recent reports as then differentiated in medium containing basic references in the related studies. fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for an additional 5 days using either suspension or adherent culture Abboud, N., et al. (2017). "Culture conditions methods. Upon completion of differentiation, have an impact on the maturation of traceable, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and transplantable mouse embryonic stem cell-derived otic immunostaining monitored the expression of otic/HC progenitor cells." J Tissue Eng Regen Med 11(9): progenitor lineage markers. The results indicate that 2629-2642. cells differentiated in suspension cultures produced The generation of replacement inner ear hair cells cells expressing otic progenitor/HC markers at a (HCs) remains a challenge and stem cell therapy holds higher efficiency compared with the production of the potential for developing therapeutic solutions to these cell types within adherent cultures. Furthermore, hearing and balance disorders. Recent developments we demonstrated that a fraction of these cells can have made significant strides in producing mouse otic incorporate into ototoxin-injured mouse postnatal progenitors using cell culture techniques to initiate HC cochlea explants and express MYO7A after differentiation. However, no consensus has been transplantation. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & reached as to efficiency and therefore current methods Sons, Ltd. remain unsatisfactory. In order to address these issues, we compare the generation of otic and HC progenitors Abd Jalil, A., et al. (2017). "Vitamin E-Mediated from embryonic stem (ES) cells in two cell culture Modulation of Glutamate Receptor Expression in an 38 Stem Cell 2019;10(4) http://www.sciencepub.net/stem SCJ Oxidative Stress Model of Neural Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures." Evid Based Abdelbaset-Ismail, A., et al. (2016). "Vitamin D3 Complement Alternat Med 2017: 6048936. stimulates embryonic stem cells but inhibits migration Glutamate is the primary excitatory and growth of ovarian cancer and teratocarcinoma cell neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. lines." J Ovarian Res 9: 26. Excessive concentrations of glutamate in the brain can BACKGROUND: Deficiency in Vitamin D3 be excitotoxic and cause oxidative stress, which is (cholecalciferol) may predispose to some malignancies, associated with Alzheimer's disease. In the present including gonadal tumors and in experimental models study, the effects of vitamin E in the form of vitamin D3 has been proven to inhibit the growth of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and alpha-tocopherol cancer cells. To learn more about the potential role of (alpha-TCP) in modulating the glutamate receptor and vitamin D3 in cancerogenesis, we evaluated the neuron injury markers in an in vitro model of oxidative expression and functionality of the vitamin D receptor stress in neural-derived embryonic stem (ES) cell (VDR) and its role in metastasis of ovarian cancer cultures were elucidated. A transgenic mouse ES cell cells and of murine and human teratocarcinoma cell line (46C) was differentiated into a neural lineage in lines. METHODS: In our studies we employed murine vitro via induction with retinoic acid. These cells were embrynic stem cells (ESD3), murine (P19) and human then subjected to oxidative stress with a significantly (NTERA-2) teratocarcimona cells lines, human high concentration of glutamate. Measurement of ovarian cancer cells (A2780) as well as purified reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed after murine and human purified very small embryonic like inducing glutamate excitotoxicity, and recovery from stem cells (VSELs). We evaluated expression of this toxicity in response to vitamin E was determined. Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) in these cells as well as The gene expression levels of glutamate receptors and effect of vitamin D3 exposure on cell proliferation and neuron-specific enolase were elucidated using real- migration. RESULTS: We here provide also more time PCR. The results reveal that neural cells derived evidence for the role of vitamin D3 in germline- from 46C cells and subjected to oxidative stress derived malignancies, and this evidence supports the exhibit downregulation of NMDA, kainate receptor, proposal that vitamin D3 treatment inhibits growth and and NSE after posttreatment with different metastatic potential of several germline-derived concentrations of TRF and alpha-TCP, a sign of malignancies. We also found that the ESD3 murine neurorecovery. Treatment of either TRF or alpha-TCP immortalized embryonic stem cell line and normal, reduced the levels of ROS in neural cells subjected to pluripotent, germline-marker-positive very small glutamate-induced oxidative stress; these results embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) isolated from adult indicated that vitamin E is a potent antioxidant. tissues are stimulated by vitamin D3, which suggests that vitamin D3 affects the earliest stages of Abdelalim, E. M. (2013). "Molecular embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: We found that mechanisms controlling the cell cycle in embryonic however all normal and malignant germ-line derived stem cells." Stem Cell Rev 9(6): 764-773. cells express functional VDR, Vitamin D3 differently Embryonic stem (ES) cells are originated from affects their proliferation and migration. We postulate the inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo. They that while Vitamin D3 as anticancer drug inhibits can proliferate indefinitely, maintain an proliferation of malignant cells, it may protect normal undifferentiated state (self-renewal), and differentiate stem cells that play an important role in development into any cell type (pluripotency). ES cells have an and tissue/organ regeneration. unusual cell cycle structure, consists mainly of S phase cells, a short G1 phase and absence of G1/S Abdelhady, S., et al. (2013). "Erg channel is checkpoint. Cell division and cell cycle progression critical in controlling cell volume during cell cycle in are controlled by mechanisms ensuring the accurate embryonic stem cells." PLoS One 8(8): e72409. transmission of genetic information from generation to The cell cycle progression in mouse embryonic generation. Therefore, control of cell cycle is a stem cells (mESCs) is controlled by ion fluxes that complicated process, involving several signaling alter cell volume [1]. This suggests that ion fluxes pathways. Although great progress has been made on might control dynamic changes in morphology over the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation the cell cycle, such as rounding up of the cell at of ES cell cycle, many regulatory mechanisms remain mitosis. However, specific channels regulating such unknown. This review summarizes the current dynamic changes and the possible interactions with knowledge about the molecular mechanisms regulating actomyosin complex have not been clearly identified. the cell cycle of ES cells and describes the relationship Following RNAseq