Defend Your Coast: Network Analysis of Crusader Fortifications and Settlements in the Kyrenia Region of Cyprus By Tyler Martin Caldwell March 2019 Director of Thesis: Dr. David Stewart Major Department: Program in Maritime Studies, Department of History The Mediterranean island of Cyprus is situated at the crossroads of the Near East and the Aegean Civilizations. During the Middle Ages, Cyprus experienced raids that would devastate the coastal landscape. Coastal towns and villages were destroyed, and many of them never rebuilt. Fortifications were constructed to defend the coastline from raiders and potential invaders. Scholars believe that during times of heavy raiding coastal settlements are abandoned in favor of inland settlements. This theory has not been tested using Geographic Information System (GIS). This study used GIS to test the area of influence raiders could exert inland during a raid. Based on past research the extent of influence was determined to be 3000 m inland. The Network Analyst tool was used to determine the shortest routes raiders and defenders took to reach undefended villages and churches. The time needed for defenders and attackers to reach sites was determined using a hiking calculator. Based on the results of the test the majority of sites are situated outside the range of raiders influence. Defend Your Coast: Network Analysis of Crusader Fortifications and Settlements in the Kyrenia Region of Cyprus A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Program in Maritime Studies of Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Maritime Studies by Tyler Caldwell March 2019 © Tyler Caldwell, 2019 Defend Your Coast: Network Analysis of Crusader Fortifications and Settlements Within the Kyrenia Region of Cyprus By Tyler Martin Caldwell APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: (David J. Stewart, Ph.D.) COMMITTEE MEMBER: (Wade Dudley, Ph.D.) COMMITTEE MEMBER: (Karen Mulcahy, Ph.D.) CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: (Christopher Oakley, Ph.D.) DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: (Paul J. Gemperline, Ph.D.) Acknowledgments I want to thank the members of my thesis committee. Each professor provided valuable insight, ideas, and knowledge that ensures that this project was completed. Dr. David Stewart deserves recognition as the chair and closes advisor regarding this topic. This thesis is a continuation of his work on raiding patterns on Crete during the Bronze Age. Dr. Stewart wanted to continue his research into raiding activities in the Mediterranean Sea, and we ran through several ideas before I figured out ways that ArcMap could demonstrate raiding patterns. Dr. Karen Mulcahy, throughout a year, worked closely with me to make sure that my maps were professional quality, and provided much needed words of encouragement when I struggled with various aspects of ArcMap. She also taught me much of what I know about GIS and ArcMap. Dr. Wade Dudley, one of the first professors I had in graduate school, taught me critical evaluating skills, and how to communicate my ideas and analyses of historical events in a professional manner. My cohort also deserved a special mention for helping me throughout graduate school. Olivia Thomas, Tyler Ball, Janie Knutson, Martha Mihich, Kristina Fricker, Dorothy Sprague, Annie Wright, Trevor Gittelhough, Sean Cox, Sophie Stuart, and Jessica Rogers Kestler all helped me become a better writer and researcher. The most important thing they provided for me while in school was friendship and encouragement. My family also deserves mentioning for providing unwavering support of my aspirations of becoming an archaeologist. My father, who provided the means and encouragement to follow my passions as he had. My mom, whos kind spirit and love provided comforted through the hardest days. My sister Courtney, who didn’t have much interest in history, but listened to my rabbling with interest and encouragement. To my brother John who is halfway around the world, but I know that I can always call on him for support, and helped make me who I am today. The road to completing my thesis was full of twist and turns, and knowing the full support of my family was behind me, I knew I would make it to the end. Finally, I give thanks and love to Layne Carpenter. Without her encouragement and inspiring spirit, this project may not have been completed. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xv TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Research Question .......................................................................................................................... 2 Primary ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Limitations ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Thesis Structure .............................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2 : History of Raiding in Cyprus ....................................................................................... 6 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 : Raiding in the Sweet Land of Cyprus ........................................................................ 26 Islamic Raids from the 7th to 10th centuries .................................................................................. 26 Raynald of Châ tillon Assaults Cyprus .......................................................................................... 28 Lack of Raids from 1191 to 1291 ................................................................................................. 32 Sweet Land of Cyprus Raids (14th and 15th centuries) ................................................................. 33 Genoese Assault on Cyprus .......................................................................................................... 37 Raids conducted by the Cypriots .................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 4 : Methodology .............................................................................................................. 54 Digital Model Network ................................................................................................................. 55 Service Area .................................................................................................................................. 61 New Route .................................................................................................................................... 62 Google Earth Pro........................................................................................................................... 62 Application of Naismith’s Rule .................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 5 : Site Selection .............................................................................................................. 68 Cape Kormakiti (~91 sq Kilometers) ............................................................................................ 71 Kormakiti (10th-12 C) .......................................................................................................... 74 Orga (Roman-Byzantine) ...................................................................................................... 75 Karpasia (10th-12th centuries) .............................................................................................. 75 Myrtou (11th century) ........................................................................................................... 76 Ayios Panteleimon Monastery (15th-17th centuries) ........................................................... 76 Margi (11th-12th centuries) .................................................................................................. 77 Myrtou to Kyrenia (approximately 156 sq miles)......................................................................... 77 Kampyli (Kambyli) (10th-12th centuries) ............................................................................ 79 Asomatos (10th-12th centuries) ............................................................................................ 80 Ayios Gordianos (date unknown) ......................................................................................... 80 Krinia Sinaitiko Monastery (Kriniotissa/ Krineon, Theotokos) (11th century) .................... 81 Sina Monastery (Byzantine?) ................................................................................................ 82 Saint Olphlanos (Before 15th century) ................................................................................