Notes and References Prologue: Food Security and the Literary Imagination 1. Jane Austen, Letter to Cassandra Austen, 23 Hans Place, 23–24 August 1814, in Jane Austen (1995), Jane Austen’s Letters, ed. Deirdre Le Faye, 4th edn (Oxford University Press), pp. 281–4 (p. 238). 1 Food Matters 1. Cited in Frank Dikötter (2010), Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62 (London: Bloomsbury), unpaginated preliminary pages. 2. Harry Thompson (2011), Peter Cook: A Biography (London: Hachette, 2011; orig. pub. Hodder & Stoughton, 1997), p. 47. 3. Francisco Goya y Lucientes, Saturn Devouring his Son (1819–23), 1.43 m x 81 cm, Museo Nacional Del Prado, Madrid, Spain; Hannibal Lecter first appeared in Thomas Harris’s novel Red Dragon (1981). 4. Maggie Kilgour (1990), From Communion to Cannibalism: An Anatomy of Metaphors of Incorporation (Princeton University Press). 5. See, for example, Bonnie J. W. Martin, Jeri A. Logemann, Reza Shaker and Wylie J. Dodds (1994), ‘Coordination Between Respiration and Swallowing: Respiratory Phase Relationships and Temporal Integration,’ Journal of Applied Physiology 76: 714–23. 6. Suzanne Collins (2009), Catching Fire (New York: Scholastic Press), p. 22. The political use of food and hunger in the Hunger Games trilogy is discussed further in the Epilogue. 7. Colin Tudge (2004), So Shall We Reap: What’s Gone Wrong with the World’s Food – and How to Fix It (London: Penguin; orig. pub. Allen Lane, 2003), p. 34. 8. Daniel Quinn (2009), Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit (New York: Random House; orig. pub. Bantam, 1992). 9. Barry Strauss (2007), The Trojan War: A New History (New York: Simon & Schuster), p. 91. 10. E. P. Thompson (1971), ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ Past & Present 50: 76–136 (p. 91). 11. George Crabbe (1811), The Newspaper (1785), in George Crabbe, The Works of George Crabbe (London: J. Hatchard), p. 171. 12. One possible etymology of ‘Lollard’ is ‘loller’, meaning ‘mumble’ in High Dutch (OED). It was thought that Lollards mumbled in order to conceal their heretical beliefs. 13. Quoted in G. G. Coulton (1961), Medieval Panorama. Vol. 1: Society and Institutions (London: Collins for Fontana Library; orig. pub. Cambridge University Press, 1938), p. 92. 14. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century.’ 169 170 Notes to Chapter 1 15. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 76. 16. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 78. 17. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 79. 18. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 97. 19. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 93. 20. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 94. Samuel Jackson Pratt (1807), Sympathy and Other Poems (London: Printed for Richard Phillips by J. Adlard), pp. 222–3. Quoted in Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 100. 21. Thomas Aquinas (1947), Summa Theologica (comp. 1265–74), trans. The Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Part 2-2, Q. 77, article 1 http://sacred-texts. com/chr/aquinas/summa/sum333.htm [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 22. John Bohstedt (2010), The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, c.1550–1850 (Farnham: Ashgate). 23. Andrew Charlesworth (1994), ‘The Spatial Diffusion of Riots: Popular Disturbances in England and Wales, 1750–1850,’ Rural History 5: 1–22 (p. 6). 24. Reginald Scot (1584), The Discouerie of Witchcraft (London: Henrie Denham for William Brome), bk 2, ch. IX; bk 12, ch. VII. 25. E. P. Thompson (1991), Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Culture (New York: New Press), cited in Bohstedt, The Politics of Provisions, p. 6. 26. On the Midlands Uprising as a context for Coriolanus, see: William Shakespeare (1998), The Tragedy of Coriolanus, ed. and intr. R. B. Parker (Oxford University Press), pp. 34–41; Andrew Gurr (1975), ‘Coriolanus and the Body Politic,’ Shakespeare Survey 28: 63–9; Nate Eastman (2007), ‘The Rumbling Belly Politic: Metaphorical Location and Metaphorical Government in Coriolanus,’ Early Modern Literary Studies 13: 2.1–39 http://purl.oclc.org/emls/13-1/eastcori.htm [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 27. William Lambarde (1596), Perambulation of Kent: Conteining the Description, Hystorie, and Customes of that Shyre (London: Edmund Bollifant; orig. pub. 1576), p. 14. Perambulation of Kent was composed in 1570. 28. Chris Fitter (2000), ‘“The Quarrel is between our Masters and us their Men”: Romeo and Juliet, Dearth, and the London Riots,’ English Literary Renaissance 30: 154–83. Buchanan Sharp (2007) reads Coriolanus in relation to the agrar- ian crisis of the 1590s in ‘Shakespeare’s Coriolanus and the Crisis of the 1590s,’ in Law and Authority in Early Modern England, ed. Buchanan Sharp and Mark Charles Fissel (Newark: University of Delaware Press), pp. 27–63. See also Janet Adelman (1978), ‘“Anger’s My Meat”: Feeding, Dependency, and Aggression in Coriolanus,’ in Shakespeare, Pattern of Excelling Nature, ed. David Bevington and Jay L. Halio (Newark: Delaware University Press), pp. 108–24. 29. Annabel M. Patterson (1987), Pastoral and Ideology: Virgil to Valéry (Berkeley: University of California Press), p. 228; George Crabbe (1783), The Village: A Poem in Two Books (London: J. Dodsley), p. 10. 30. On the Jacobean ‘void’, see Patricia Fumerton (1993), Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and the Practice of Social Ornament (University of Chicago Press), pp. 111–36. Notes to Chapter 1 171 31. Robert May (1660), The Accomplisht Cook, or the Art and Mystery of Cookery (London: Printed by R. W. for Nathaniel Brooke), sigs A7v–A8r. 32. Richard Jefferies (2010), The Life of the Fields (Cambridge University Press; orig. pub. London: Chatto & Windus, 1884), p. 13. It is possible that some instances of burning were not started by arsonists but were, as eighteenth- century insurance policies stated, ‘loss on ... hay or corn ... destroyed or damaged by its natural heat’; that is, spontaneous combustion (New Scientist, 2918 [25 May 2013], 61). 33. Jefferies, The Life of the Fields, p. 17. 34. Jefferies, The Life of the Fields, p. 18. 35. Jefferies, The Life of the Fields, p. 19. 36. For example, Maarit Mäkinen and Mary Wangu Kuira (2008), ‘Social Media and Postelection Crisis in Kenya,’ The International Journal of Press/Politics 13: 328–35. 37. Jefferies, The Life of the Fields, p. 19. 38. Lynne Taylor (1996), ‘Food Riots Revisited,’ Journal of Social History 30: 483–96 (p. 489). 39. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century,’ p. 82. 40. For example, Charles Tilly (1978), From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley). 41. Taylor, ‘Food Riots Revisited.’ 42. Elizabeth M. Collingham (2012), The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food (London: Allen Lane). See also Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine. 43. Hans Baron (1996), The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (Princeton University Press). 44. ‘Food Security,’ WHO website www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 45. Dante Alighieri (1996), The Inferno, trans. and ed. Robert Pinsky (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), Circle 9, canto 32, lines 124–32; canto 33, lines 76–8. In 1289, following a falling out between the two men, Ruggieri had Ugolino and his sons incarcerated and starved to death. 46. Carolyn Steel (2008), Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives (London: Chatto & Windus), p. 66. 47. ‘Mexicans Stage Tortilla Protest,’ BBC News online (1 February 2007) http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6319093.stm [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 48. ‘Qantas makes its First Flight on Refined Cooking Oil, to Reduce Reliance on Traditional Jet Fuel,’ The Australian online (13 April 2012) www.theaustralian .com.au/business/aviation/qantas-makes-its-first-flight-on-refined-cooking- oil-to-reduce-reliance-on-traditional-jet-fuel/story-e6frg95x-1226326010304 [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 49. John Vidal (2010), ‘One Quarter of US Grain Crops Fed to Cars – Not People, New Figures Show,’ The Guardian online (22 January) www.theguardian. com/environment/2010/jan/22/quarter-us-grain-biofuels-food?intcmp=239 [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 50. Govinda R. Timilsina and Ashish Shrestha (2010), ‘Biofuels: Markets, Targets and Impacts,’ The World Bank Development Research Group, Environment and Energy Team elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-5364 [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 51. World Food Programme, ‘Hunger Statistics’ www.wfp.org/hunger/stats [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 172 Notes to Chapter 1 52. John Vidal (2010), ‘One Quarter of US Grain Crops Fed to Cars – Not People, New Figures Show,’ The Guardian online (22 January) www.theguardian. com/environment/2010/jan/22/quarter-us-grain-biofuels-food?intcmp=239 [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 53. Data for corn prices are from Trading Economics www.tradingeconomics.com/ commodity/corn [date accessed: 5 May 2014]. On uncertainties in corn pro- duction and prices, see Agrimoney www.agrimoney.com/feature/corn-prices— will-their-rout-extend-into-2014–255.html [date accessed: 5 May 2014]. 54. David J. Tenenbaum (2008), ‘Food vs. Fuel: Diversion of Crops Could Cause More Hunger,’ Environmental Health Perspectives 116 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC2430252/ [date accessed: 2 May 2014]. 55. Geoffrey Kemp and John Allen Gay (2013), War with Iran: Political, Military, and Economic Consequences (Lanham, MD and Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield), pp. 144–5. 56. FAO, ‘Trades and Markets: Price Volatility in Agricultural Markets,’ www.fao.org/ economic/est/issues/volatility/en/#.U2Pva0ZOVy0 [date accessed: 2 May 2014].