Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 7 (2016 9) 1637-1650 ~ ~ ~ УДК 009:004.9 A Decade in Digital Humanities Melissa Terras* University College London London, UK Received 15.02.2016, received in revised form 07.05.2016, accepted 09.06.2016 The paper reviews the meaning and development of digital humanities giving the ex-amples of work published in various DH areas. The paper discusses what using these technologies means for the humanities, giving recommendations that can be useful across the sector. Keywords: digital humanities, UCL Centre for Digital Humanities, Innovation Curve. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-2016-9-7-1637-1650. Research area: culture studies. I decided to call my paper “A Decade in paper gives me a rare chance to pause and look Digital Humanities” for three reasons: behind me to see what the body of work built up 1. The term Digital Humanities has been over this time represents. commonly used to describe the application 3. You’ll have to wait for later in the paper to of computational methods in the arts and see the third reason... humanities for 10 years, since the publication, in Who here would be comfortable defining 2004, of the Companion to Digital Humanities1. what is meant by the term Digital Humanities3? “Digital Humanities” was quickly picked up by This paper is also related to the week of UCL the academic community as a catch-all, big tent2 Festival of the Arts, celebrating all things to name for a range of activities in computing, the do with the Arts and Humanities at my home arts, and culture. A decade on from the publication institution, which gives us an opportunity to of this seminal text, I thought it would be useful look back to first principles. In UCLDH and to reflect on the growth, spread, and changes 4Humanities’ award winning infographic “The that had occurred in our discipline, and my place Humanities Matter” we defined the humanities as within them. “academic disciplines that seek to understand and 2. This year sees me in my 12th year of being interpret the human experience, from individuals in an academic post. I joined UCL in August to entire cultures, engaging in the discovery, 2003, my first academic post after obtaining my preservation, and communication of the past and doctorate, and since then have worked my way present record to enable a deeper understanding of up the ranks from probationary lecturer, to senior contemporary society.”4 It stands to reason, then, lecturer, to reader, and now full professor. The that the Digital Humanities are computational © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] – 1637 – Melissa Terras. A Decade in Digital Humanities methods that are trying to understand what it recommendations which can be useful across means to be human, in both our past and present the sector. From these projects, its difficult to society. But it may be easier if I give some brief pin down what Digital Humanities actually is, examples to demonstrate the kind of work we but that sums up the difficulty of our discipline’s Digital Humanists get up to, or rather, the kind title: it encourages thinking about computational of work I, as a self-confessed, and now be-titled methods in the arts and humanities, and then Digital Humanist, get up to5. into culture and heritage, in as broad a sense as One of the easiest things we can do possible. with computers is count things. For data to What made Digital Humanities spring, fully be computationally manipulated, it has to formed like Athena from the Head of Zeus, as be in numeric form. If we can get text into a an academic field in 2004? Was it because that computational form, we can easily count and was the first time quantifiable methods had been manipulate the language, showing trends across used in the Arts and Humanities? (remember – all time. For example, if we take a million words computational methods require quantification). of conference abstracts from my discipline Well, of course that is nonsense. When you look from the ALLC/ACH conference across various back across the history of Humanities scholarship, years, we can easily see how mentions of one quantifiable methods were used in the Arts technology (XML) becomes more popular, while and Humanities since the start of Humanities another (SGML) is in decline6. Much of the work scholarship, having a history that stretches in DH is in manipulating and processing and back to Antiquity14. If we think of the book as analysing text – our iOS app Textal is just part technology, from its inception scholars took it of that trajectory7. Much of my work, though, has to pieces to see under the hood: concordances been in digital images, starting with developing and indexes of works were manually created, systems to try and read damaged documents from such as this “Concordance or table made after Hadrian’s wall8, and more recently working on the order of the alphabet15” from 1579 which lists multispectral9 and 3D manipulation of damaged how many times concepts such as “abomination” texts10. We’ve also worked with museums on large appear in the New Testament. Or the work of scale 3D capture of cultural and heritage objects. Joseph Scaliger16 who in the early 1600s plotted The important thing about all of this is that as the different periods in time in which different well as implementation, we’re also interested civilizations must have existed, through in use and usage11 of these technologies, and quantifiable methods, showing that the Ancient what impact that they have on those working Egyptians must have lived before the events in culture and heritage, and the ability to study described in the Old Testament. Or the work of the past and present human record. We often August Schleicher in the 1850s who showed, innovate new systems, or adopt concepts and by quantifiable methods, that the languages of apply them to humanities projects, such as the Europe must have had a common historical root17. crowdsourcing of Jeremy Bentham’s handwriting All of these texts are available from UCL Library. by volunteers12, or working with visitors to the Digitisation! Changing humanities scholarship! – Grant Museum of Zoology at UCL13to encourage but the point is that quantifiable methods are part debate about zoological collections. We build, of established methods in the humanities, and we test, we reflect back on what using these have been for as long as the Humanities have technologies means for the humanities, giving existed. So when I undertook my first project at – 1638 – Melissa Terras. A Decade in Digital Humanities UCL, looking at whether we could use the high We should also mention Susan Hockey, who led performance computing facilities at UCL to various initiatives in text encoding, text analysis, analyse historical census data18 – this is part of and digital libraries in the 1970s, 1980s, and an quantifiable humanities academic tradition 1990s25. Susan, incidentally, gave me my first which harks back 500 years, just at a grander academic job at UCL in 2003: UCL had included scale, given the affordances of the computational a Digital Resources in the Humanities module methods available to us. course as part of its MA offering for librarians So what made Digital Humanities spring, and archivists in the School of Library, Archive fully formed like Athena from the Head of Zeus, and Information Studies (now the Department of as an academic field in 2004? Perhaps in 2004, this Information Studies) from 2000, under Susan’s was the first time people had used computational auspices, demonstrating interesting relatively techniques in the arts and humanities? But of early links between library science and the field course, that is nonsense too. When you look back that is now DH. But the point is, considering at the history of computing – and not even digital how best to use computing in the arts and computing, but the very first computer – the humanities is not something which started in very first computer programmer, Ada Lovelace, the 21st Century, nor 2004, and Humanists have hints at the possibilities for art, music, and been looking at available tools, and how best to understanding human knowledge and culture use them, since computation began. So when we in her earliest writings19. She understood that undertook one of the latest projects at UCLDH, there was something more to the mathematical which came from looking at an iPhone, thinking calculations afforded by this machine than “how can I use, or develop this tool for use, in science (she talks about possibilities for art, my research in the Humanities” and developed an music, and understanding human nature), and iOS app for text analysis, this is part of a longer they called her a madwoman for it20. Well, this trajectory of considering available computational madwoman has a (yet totally unproven) theory tools, and how they may be appropriated, that if you look at the history of the first 100 adopted, and adapted for our means in the electronic programmable computers in the 1950s, humanities, just at a grander scale, as processing 1960s and 1970s across the world, you will see technologies increase in speed, scope, format, humanists eyeing them up and asking “how can I and availability. use, or develop this tool for use, in my research”? So why Digital Humanities, in 2004? It’s certainly true of Father Busa21, working with Firstly, the coalescing of interested scholars IBM in the 1950s on the concordance of the into an identifiable field is an understandable works of Thomas Aquinas22 (counting, indexing, academic response to societal changes.