The Beneficiaries’ Perspective on the Role of NGOs in Post-Tsunami Reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia Norhazlina Fairuz Musa Kutty A thesis in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences August 2017 ii Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Australia's I Global UNSW University SYDNEY Surname/Family Name MUSAKUTTY Given Name/s NORHAZLINA FAIRUZ MUSA KUTTY Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar SOSSAR1272 Faculty ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCES School SOCIAL SCIENCES THE BENEFICIARIES PERSPECTIVES OF ROLE OF NGOS IN POST TSUNAMI Thesis Title RECONSTRUCTION IN ACEH, INDONESIA Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This thesis analyses the challenges that were faced by non-state actors in rebuilding and developing post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia during the post tsunami reconstruction from 2004 to 2010. There are five main phases in post tsunami reconstruction in Aceh, emergency, recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction and post developmental phase. The research focused the contribution from emergency and recovery phase and rehabilitation and reconstruction phase toward the development phase. The research investigated the roles of civil society organizations such as international non­ governmental organizations and other international agencies in post disaster development. Previous research had focused mostly from the NGOs' perspective and not examined the reconstruction process in Aceh from the viewpoint of the beneficiaries. This empirical study drew on participants in Aceh, Banda Aceh, and West Aceh. The methods applied were in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with affected communities, International Non-Governmental Organizations, and government agencies. The research found that the extent to which affected communities as beneficiaries participated in the various programs and projects had a strong effect on their capacity building in the development phase. The levels of participation also determined whether the program had been successfully carried out to ensure a smooth transition into the developmental phase. The empirical findings show, besides participation effort from the beneficiaries, the collaboration and coordination between NGOs and government agencies are a vital factor in determining effective programs outcomes. In Aceh, the combination of aid and support from international bodies such as donors and NGOs and proper coordination from government agencies (Agencies for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction) are needed to encourage higher participation level, which will empower the beneficiaries' capacity building toward community capability in the developmental phase. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). 26 APRIL 2019 Signature Witness Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. 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Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: • The student contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the ·primary author", ie. the student was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication • The student has approval to include the publication 1n their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator • The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not This thesis contains no publications. either published or submitted for publication (if □ this box is checl<ed, you may delete all the material on page 2) Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and ii has been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement (if thts box 1s checked, (21 you may delete all the material on page 2) This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) □ incorporated into it m lieu of a chapter and the details are presented below CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION I declare that. • I have complied with the Thesis Examination Procedure • where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Name Date (dd/mmlyy) NORHAZLINA FAIRUZ 26/0412019 MUSA KUTTY I Postgraduate Coordinator's Declaration (to be filled in where publications are used in lieu of Chapters) I I declare that: • the information below is accurate • where listed publication(s) have been used in lieu of Chapter(s), their use complies with the Thesis Examination Procedure • the minimum requirements for the format of the thesis have been met. PGC's Name Date (dd/mm/yy) RICHARD HUGMAN 26/04/2019 Contents Originality Statement ......................................................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................xii List of Appendices ............................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1: The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Post-Disaster Recovery ............................................ 1 1.1 Human Versus Natural Disasters ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 Phases of Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction .............................................................. 5 1.3 Building Back Better ................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Literature on