The Intertextuality of Global Norms Discursive Strategies and Incremental Change Vorlage der Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Ph.D. Freie Universität Berlin Graduate School of North American Studies John F. Kennedy Institut für Nordamerikastudien Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften Mathias Großklaus Vorgelegt am 16. April 2018 Verteidigt am 17. Juli 2018 Erstbetreuerin Prof. Lora Anne Viola, Ph.D. Freie Universität Berlin John F. Kennedy Institut für Nordamerikastudien Graduate School of North American Studies Lansstraße 7-9 14195 Berlin Zweitbetreuer Prof. Dr. Christian Lammert Freie Universität Berlin John F. Kennedy Institut für Nordamerikastudien Graduate School of North American Studies Lansstraße 7-9 14195 Berlin ii Kumulative Dissertation nach §7(2)b, Gemeinsame Promotionsordnung zum Dr. phil. / Ph.D., Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften (2008). Liste der in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften mit Begutachtungssystem veröffentlichten Einzelarbeiten Großklaus, M. (2017). Friction, not Erosion: Assassination Norms at the Fault Line be- tween Sovereignty and Liberal Values. Contemporary Security Policy, 38(2), 260- 280. doi:10.1080/13523260.2017.1335135 Großklaus, M., & Remmert, D. (2016). Political Steering: How the EU Employs Power in its Neighbourhood Policy towards Morocco. Mediterranean Politics, 21(3), 343- 363. doi:10.1080/13629395.2016.1163783 Großklaus, M. (2015). Appropriation and the Dualism of Human Rights: Understanding the Contradictory Impact of Gender Norms in Nigeria. Third World Quarterly, 36(6), 1253-1267. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1047206 Verbindender Text Der nach §7(2)b Promotionsordnung erforderliche Manteltext umfasst eine Einleitung samt übergreifendem theoretischen Rahmen (S. 1-34, 12.942 Wörter), ein Fazit (S. 170- 183, 5.344 Wörter) sowie einen weiteren verbindenden Einzelartikel (“Talking ‘Heads’: The Language of Decapitation and the Targeting of Individuals in U.S. Security Policy”, S. 108-169, 24.012 Wörter). In Kooperation mit anderen Wissenschaftlern entstandene schriftliche Leistungen Die schriftliche Promotionsleistung “Political Steering: How the EU Employs Power in its Neighbourhood Policy towards Morocco” wurde gemeinsam mit David Remmert ver- fasst. Im Sinne dieser Zusammenarbeit wurden Idee und Fragestellung der Arbeit gemein- schaftlich entwickelt, sowie sämtliche erhobenen Daten doppelt gesichtet und diskutiert. Darüber hinaus sind die jeweiligen individuellen Anteile der Arbeit – in Erfüllung der Erfordernisse aus §7(3) – klar abgrenzbar. Die Ausarbeitung der einzelnen theoretischen und empirischen Argumente, sowohl im Arbeitsprozess als auch im Abfassen und Über- arbeiten des Artikels erfolgte nach klaren Zuständigkeiten. Diese sich daraus ergebende individuelle Autorenschaft der einzelnen Kapitel und Unterkapitel ist auf Seite 35 detail- liert aufgeschlüsselt. iii Acknowledgements That 1034 files in 174 folders and 694 Endnote references would one day become a single document would not have been possible without the help of a multitude of wonderful people, both inside and outside of the academic world. First and foremost, I owe tremendously to my supervisors. I would like to thank Lora Anne Viola for her time, dedication, continuous support, patience, inexhaustible insight and constant intellectual challenge. I could not have hoped for better supervision. I would like to thank Christian Lammert for being such a helpful source of knowledge, for the opportunity to bounce ideas in his colloquium and for always encouraging me to keep going. I want to thank a number of people at the Graduate School of North American Studies who had my back when it counted: David Bosold, Gabi Bodmeier and Markus Kienscherf. This dissertation would not be what it is today without those who had the doubtful pleasure of reading and re-reading its countless rough drafts, early drafts, final drafts and final-final drafts, often on very short notice: Justus Dreyling, Fabian Klein, Curd Knüpfer, Sophie Spieler, Katharina Metz and the members of our semi-regular friends-colloquium. I am further thankful for the innumerable comments, questions, suggestions, critique and advice I received from a number of people willing to engage my thoughts in its vari- ous stages of elaboration: Anke Draude, Alison Brysk, Tobias Berger, Nicole Deitelhoff, Lisbeth Zimmermann, Anna Holzscheiter, Andrea Liese, Vera van Hüllen, Stefan Borg, Jonas Wolff, Boris Vormann, Ursula Schröder, Elias Steinhilper, Brent Steele, Felix An- derl, Tanja Börzel and Thomas Risse. I am grateful for the insight of conference and workshop participants in Toronto, New Orleans, New York, Brussels, Hannover, Magde- burg, Tartu, Glasgow, Istanbul, Frankfurt, Cambridge, Giardini Naxos, Tutzing and Ber- lin. Since this is a cumulative dissertation, I owe especially to the people involved in the publication process of the individual articles. First, I would like to thank David Remmert, my congenial co-author. I would like to thank the organizers and conveners of the work- shops that eventually led to joint publication projects: Louiza Odysseos, Anna Selmeczi, Thorsten Bonacker, Kerstin Zimmer, Judith von Heusinger, Martin Senn and Jodok Troy. I also would like to thank Shahid Qadir and the two anonymous reviewers at Third World Quarterly, Federica Bicchi and the three anonymous reviewers at Mediterranean Politics as well as Hylke Dijkstra and the two anonymous reviewers at Contemporary Security Policy. Further, I want to thank the production editors at these journals whose work on my manuscripts should not go unnoticed. I am grateful for the institutional support I received at the Graduate School of North American Studies, at the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies at Freie Universität Berlin and at the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge – and for my wonderful colleagues at these institutions. Und niemals ohne mein Team. iv Content Overview 1. Introduction: Contestation, Agency and the Concept of the Norm ................................ 1 2. Political Steering: How the EU Employs Power in its Neighbourhood Policy towards Morocco Mediterranean Politics ............................................................................................... 35 3. Appropriation and the Dualism of Human Rights: Understanding the Contradictory Impact of Gender Norms in Nigeria Third World Quarterly ................................................................................................ 62 4. Friction, not Erosion: Assassination Norms at the Fault Line between Sovereignty and Liberal Values Contemporary Security Policy .................................................................................... 83 5. Talking ‘Heads’: The Language of Decapitation and the Targeting of Individuals in U.S. Security Policy Unpublished Manuscript ........................................................................................... 108 6. Concluding Remarks: Ambiguous Norms and Access to Contestation ................... 170 v Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Contestation, Agency and the Concept of the Norm ........................ 1 The Contestation Literature and Norms as a Research Paradigm ..................................... 4 Conflict, Agency and Changing Meaning: The Contestation Intervention ................ 5 Gravitational Pull: Contestation Is More Than Norm Contestation ........................... 8 Agency within Discursive Structures .............................................................................. 11 Freedom, Overdetermination and Strategy: Post-Structuralist Avenues into Discursive Agency.................................................................................................... 12 Intertextual Politics: Agency, Change and Stability ........................................................ 15 Norms as Intertext .................................................................................................... 19 Research Logic and Plan of the Dissertation ................................................................... 21 References ....................................................................................................................... 30 2. Political Steering: How the EU Employs Power in its Neighbourhood Policy towards Morocco ................................................................................................ 35 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 36 Power in European External Governance ........................................................................ 37 Modes, Mechanisms and Instruments of Political Steering ............................................ 39 Steering Modes and Instruments in the Neighbourhood Policy: The Case of Morocco ........................................................................................................................... 44 Exploiting Power Asymmetries: Hierarchy & Indirect Steering .............................. 46 Situational Horizontality: Soft Steering ................................................................... 48 Combining Indirect and Soft Steering Modes: Technicalization and Politicization ....... 53 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 54 References ......................................................................................................................