A REPORT ON THE LIKELY MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MID 2020’s THAT SAP11 WILL NEED TO CONSIDER This report has been written at the request of BEIS as part of the Lot 4 “Quality Assurance of SAP Model” The report was developed by the SAP INDUSTRY FORUM, which is jointly owned by BRE and Robust Details Limited. 09 April 2020 SAPIF Technologies Report Final – v2.0 Page 1 of 158 Full details of the SAP Industry Forum including its membership and terms of reference may be found at https://www.bregroup.com/sap/sap-industry-forum/ BRE and RDL wish to record their thanks to all the members of the SAP Industry Forum and the Working Groups who generously gave their time and expertise to develop this report. SAPIF Technologies Report Final – v2.0 Page 2 of 158 SAP 11 Technologies Report SAPIF report – collated by John Tebbit (RDL), Nick Booth (RDL) and John Henderson (BRE) 06 April 2020 CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction 4 2. Background and objectives 4 3. Summary of SAPIF WG reports 5 a. WG1 Domestic Hot Water and Heating b. WG2 Smart Technologies c. WG3 Energy Storage d. WG4 Overheating and Cooling e. WG5 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation 4. Summary of SAP Scientific Integrity Group views 7 5. Interview reports from Devolved Administrations 8 6. Digital construction and SAP 8 7. Co-chairs’ summary and key points 8 8. Appendices (Full Reports) a. WG1 Domestic Hot Water and Heating 12 b. WG2 Smart Technologies 41 c. WG3 Energy Storage 65 d. WG4 Overheating and Cooling 115 e. WG5 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation 135 f. SAPSIG 145 g. Devolved Administration interviews 155 Acronyms BEIS Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy BIM Building Information Modelling/Management BRE Building Research Establishment DAs Devolved Administrations (Northern Ireland, Scotland & Wales) DHW Domestic Hot Water IAQ Indoor Air Quality MHCLG Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government SAP Standard Assessment Procedure SAPIF SAP Industry Forum SAPSIG SAP Scientific and Integrity Group TOU Time of use URN Unique Reference Number WGs SAP Industry Forum Working Group SAPIF Technologies Report Final – v2.0 Page 3 of 158 1. INTRODUCTION BEIS, who have primary responsibility for the development of SAP for all its uses, asked the SAP Industry Forum in October 2018 to produce a report to help inform the development of the next major iteration of SAP. That version, SAP11, would be expected to come into use in the mid 2020s subject to the usual consultation and development processes. This report is primarily designed to be a briefing document for BEIS and any potential developer of SAP11, although it is hoped that it will be of use to other interested parties. To aid readability, the reports from the Working Groups and SAPSIG are reproduced in full in the Appendices. Short summaries of key points are included in this Executive Summary. The reports give inter alia details of the expected technologies, how they work, relevant standards, sources of performance data and suggested ways to model the technologies. Some of the technologies are, in the views of the WGs, well modelled in SAP10, whilst others are either not so well modelled or do not feature at all. There is a general sense that SAP needs to bring innovative products into the main specification more quickly and effectively than at present. The present system is via Appendix Q. There is a view that the Appendix Q process is restricting innovation due to what some WGs see as overly onerous and academically biased processes to demonstrate product performance. However it is recognised that such changes would not be simple to implement. Many of the groups have also commented on the underlying methodology of SAP in a more dynamic and complex world with different scales and types of energy storage, time of use tariffs and smart technology. There is a sense that SAP with its monthly average model and single occupancy model is not aligned with the ‘smart’ grid, storage, appliances and controls world. There are concerns over the affordability of energy for occupiers if Part L does not include an affordability criterion. Therefore SAP needs to be a good predictor of likely energy costs in the new dynamic, smart energy world as well as energy used. This report also includes views from the SAP Scientific Integrity Group on what it sees as necessary improvements to the SAP model, as well as reports from interviews with officials from the Devolved Administrations. There is a summary of key points from the co-chairs of SAPIF, John Henderson of BRE (SAP Contract Lots 1, 2 and 3) and John Tebbit of Robust Details (SAP Contract Lot 4). It must be made clear at this stage, that this report is primarily concerned with recording the range of views, some of which are contradictory. The report’s authors have deliberately not edited the industry reports from the WGs for fear of losing information. It will be for others further along in the SAP11 development process to make the choices where there are differing views. Finally, it must be emphasised that the views stated in this report are, unless specifically stated otherwise, those of the SAPIF working groups, SAPSIG members, Devolved Administrations or the co- chairs. They should not be taken in any way to be BEIS or MHCLG views. 2. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The SAP Industry Forum was established in Q1-2 2018 to assist with BEIS’ policy of engagement with industry. SAP contract discussions (BEIS, BRE and Robust Details) resulted in the first SAP Industry Forum meeting June 2018, during which industry identified a number of topics that concerned them. SAPIF Technologies Report Final – v2.0 Page 4 of 158 These were distilled into five key subject topics (which led to the five Working Groups), plus some other aspects (e.g. BIM). The BEIS policy team asked the SAP Industry Forum in (October 2018) to work on establishing the likely technologies that would be mainstream for housing in the mid 2020s. As previously mentioned, there is a view from industry that SAP is slow to incorporate new technologies either via Appendix Q or in the main specification. Asking industry to set out likely technologies was seen as a way to increase the chances of SAP11 covering all the likely technologies including innovative solutions that might not otherwise be known to the future SAP11 contractor. Another reason was to improve the quality of communication between government, SAP contractor and industry, not just for this project but also for any other issues that could arise. A formal set of objectives was established and five working groups set up. The objectives were: 1. To establish the state of the art, sources of information and basic explanations of the technologies/systems expected to be mature in the mid 2020’s 2. To propose some modeling criteria for the performance of the technologies and secondly how compliance could be judged at both product and dwelling level. 3. If government decides to include recognition of the technology or system in SAP11, to work with government and the SAP contractor to develop the details The five working groups were: WG1 Domestic Hot Water, heating and 1-day hot water storage WG2 Smart controls, technologies and tariffs WG3 Home Energy Storage (longer than one day) WG4 Overheating including prevention and cooling WG5 Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality In addition, the co-chairs undertook to look at a high level, digital construction issues. Later in the project, it was decided by the co-chairs to ask the SAP Scientific Integrity Group for their views on the development of SAP11. The initial SAP Industry Forum meeting (held June 2018) was widely attended by industry. This was followed by a focussed second meeting in October 2018 during which the leaders of the five Working Groups were identified. Subsequently, a further five meetings were held, either as Working Group leaders only or full membership; to maintain momentum and ensure inter-working group activity. BEIS, MHCLG and Devolved Administrations were engaged in all of these meetings. Minutes and presentations are available via the BRE hosted SAP website1. 3. SAPIF WG REPORTS The co-chairs are of the view that attempting to draw more than the most high-level conclusions from the five Working Group reports is both difficult and probably misleading. Therefore, the full reports are reproduced in Appendices 8a to 8e of this report and the following summaries should be seen more as a description of content than a representation of views. 1 https://www.bregroup.com/sap/sap-industry-forum/ SAPIF Technologies Report Final – v2.0 Page 5 of 158 WG1 Domestic Hot Water and Heating The report sets out the current main technical solution (gas condensing boiler), details on DHW consumption by use, the increasing use of Time of Use (TOU) tariffs and the electrification of heating and DHW, primarily via heat pumps. There is a section on decarbonisation of the gas grid. The main recommendation is that the ‘fixed’ model of SAP with assumptions on occupancy, usage patterns, heat and DHW demand needs looking at in a more dynamic market. The WG looks at technologies such as demand side response for heat and DHW, peak shaving and load shifting using DHW storage, variable pricing of fuel via TOU tariffs and better use of local generation. The report sets out the various technologies, definitions, present status in SAP, relevant standards, modelling proposals and case studies. There is a call for an improved Product Characteristic Database (PCDB) to aid SAP Assessors. WG2 Smart Technologies The report notes the wide range of technologies that can be described as ‘smart’ and references the Smart Readiness Indicator work being done at European level.