Brigham Young University Studies Quarterly Studies University Young Brigham QUARTERLY Scholarship informed by the restored gospel of Jesus Christ Grace, Legalism, and Mental Health Joseph Smith, Other Visionaries, and Their Critics Quotations and Spelling in the Book of Mormon Establishing the Sacred at BYU Volume cover Church Leaders’ Teachings on the Crucifixion Yes (2018) James Talmage as Mining Consultant Caitlin Connolly Contemporary Marriage among Latter-day Saints oil on panel, 20" × 23" 59 • Number 1 • 2020 TO OUR READERS BYU Studies Quarterly is dedicated to the correlation of revealed and discovered truth and BYU STUDIES QUARTERLY to the conviction that the spiritual and the intellectual can be complementary and fun- Editor in Chief damentally harmonious avenues of knowledge. This periodical strives to explore schol- Steven C. Harper BYU Studies Quarterly is dedicated to arly perspectives on Latter-day Saint topics. It is committed to seeking truth “by study and also by faith” (D&C 88:118) and recognizes that all knowledge without charity is the conviction that the spiritual and the BYU Studies Staff nothing (1 Cor. 13:2). It proceeds on the premise that faith and reason, revelation and Editorial Director intellectual can be complementary and scholarly learning, obedience and creativity are compatible; they are “many members, Roger Terry fundamentally harmonious. It strives yet but one body” (1 Cor. 12:20). Senior Editors Jennifer Hurlbut to publish articles that reflect a faithful Contributions from all fields of learning are invited. BYU Studies Quarterly strives Alison Palmer point of view, are relevant to subjects of to publish articles that openly reflect a Latter-day Saint point of view and are obviously Production Editor interest to Latter-day Saints, and con- relevant to subjects of general interest to Latter-day Saints, while conforming to high Marny K. 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Printed in the U.S.A. on acid-free paper 4-90-46359-3.3M ISSN 2167-8472 (print) ISSN 2167-8480 (online) Editor in Chief Steven C. Harper Associate Editor Susan Elizabeth Howe Scholarship Informed Editorial Board by the Restored Gospel Trevor Alvord media of Jesus Christ Richard E. Bennett Church history Carter Charles history W. Justin Dyer social science Dirk A. Elzinga linguistics Sherilyn Farnes history James E. Faulconer philosophy/theology Kathleen Flake religious studies Ignacio M. Garcia history Daryl R. Hague translation Taylor Halvorson, scripture and innovation David F. Holland religious history Kent P. Jackson scripture Megan Sanborn Jones theater and media arts Ann Laemmlen Lewis independent scholar Kerry Muhlestein Egyptology Armand L. Mauss sociology Marjorie Newton history Josh E. Probert material culture Susan Sessions Rugh history Herman du Toit visual arts Lisa Olsen Tait history Greg Trimble, entrepreneurship, internet engineering John G. Turner history Gerrit van Dyk Church history John W. Welch law and scripture Frederick G. Williams cultural history Jed L. Woodworth history STUDIES QUARTERLY BYUVol. 59 • No. 1 • 2020 ARTICLES 4 Grace, Legalism, and Mental Health among the Latter-day Saints Daniel K Judd and W. Justin Dyer 25 “Effusions of an Enthusiastic Brain”: Joseph Smith’s First Vision and the Limits of Experiential Religion Jeremy Talmage 49 The Teachings of Church Leaders Regarding the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ: 1852–2018 John Hilton III, Emily K. Hyde, and McKenna Grace Trussel 87 The History of the Book of Mormon Text: Parts 5 and 6 of Volume 3 of the Critical Text Royal Skousen 129 The Strengths and Challenges of Contemporary Marriages of Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Dean M. Busby and David C. Dollahite 157 “By Study and Also by Faith”: Balancing the Sacred and the Secular at Brigham Young University in the 1930s and 1940s J. Gordon Daines III 183 James E. Talmage and Scientific Consulting in Early Modern Utah Gregory Seppi ESSAY 81 Good Grief Sarah Hafen d’Evegnée POETRY 24 The Rain on Alan Avenue J. S. Absher BOOK REVIEWS 213 A Documentary History of the Book of Mormon by Larry E. Morris Reviewed by John W. Welch 219 Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences by Gregory A. Prince Reviewed by Tom Christofferson 223 Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences by Gregory A. Prince Reviewed by W. Justin Dyer 230 Mormons, Musical Theater, and Belonging in America by Jake Johnson Reviewed by Megan Sanborn Jones 234 Moth and Rust: Mormon Encounters with Death, edited by Stephen Carter Reviewed by Connie Lamb BOOK NOTICES 239 Mormon Cinema: Origins to 1952 Business and Religion: The Intersection of Faith and Finance The study described in this article is an empirical analysis of the relationship between God’s grace and the mental health of Latter-day Saints. It contrasts the influence of divine grace with the effects of a legalistic approach to religion present among some Latter-day Saints. Jorge Cocco Santángelo. Your Faith Has Made You Whole, 2016. Oil on canvas, 30" × 40". Courtesy Jorge Cocco Santángelo. Grace, Legalism, and Mental Health among the Latter-day Saints Daniel K Judd and W. Justin Dyer artin Luther (1483–1546), a central figure of the Protestant Refor- Mmation, is one of many who have experienced tension between the perceived necessity of their own good works and the grace of God in the process of salvation. Soon after the young Luther entered the monastery in preparation to become a priest, he began to experience the consequences of his legalistic beliefs. Reflecting on this experience later in life, he wrote: The more someone tries to bring peace to his conscience through his own righteousness, the more disquieted he makes it. When I was a monk, I made a great effort to live according to the requirements of the monastic rule. I made a practice of confessing and reciting all my sins . ; I went to confession frequently, and I performed the assigned penances faithfully. Nevertheless, my conscience could never achieve certainty but was always in doubt. The longer I tried to heal my uncertain, weak, and troubled conscience with human traditions, the more uncertain, weak, and troubled I continually made it. In this way, by observing human traditions, I transgressed them even more; and by following the righteousness of the monastic order, I was never able to reach it.1 1. Martin Luther, Luther’s Works, Vol. 27: Lectures on Galatians, 1535, chap- ters 5–6; 1519, chapters 1–6, ed. J. J. Pelikan, H. C. Oswald, and H. T. Lehmann (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1999), 13. BYU Studies Quarterly 59, no. 1 (2020) 5 6 v BYU Studies Quarterly Luther’s description of his psychological state is indicative of what has been described as a “psychiatric condition.”2 In the years that fol- lowed Luther’s attempts to overcome his spiritual and psychological concerns by becoming obsessively and compulsively more religious, he came to understand the impotency of his legalistic beliefs and practices and the transformative power of the grace of Jesus Christ.3 Elsewhere the first author of this article has made the case that “Martin Luther’s expe- riences with depression, anxiety, scrupulosity, sin, and grace provided the historical and theological context for the Protestant Reformation.”4 President Gordon B. Hinckley described Luther as “one of the great and courageous forerunners of the Restoration.”5 Similarities can be observed between the beliefs and practices of the young Martin Luther and a subset of Latter-day Saints living in the twenty-first century.