A DEMOCRACY OF THE NORTH HELSINKI FINLAND .A DEMOCRACY OF THE NORTH SJU,ECTED A:RTJCLES FROM THE PINI.AND YJU.Jt BOOK, 1,47 :MF.RCATORIN KIRJAPAINO JA KUSTANNUS OY HELSINKI tH7 Printed in Fi11land Printed by OV. TII.GMANN AB. Htl;;inki 1917 PREFACE As a consequence of the Second World War, most European nations are passing through difficulties of both political and eco­ noiDlc nature. Finland constitutes no exception to this general rule. In her case it is a fact, however, that the framework of her political · structure, as molded by centuries of experience and development, proved capable of withstAnding the strain and hardships of two wars. The Constitution she gave herself in 1919 stands intrinsically intact, and the Finnish democracy faces the postwar tasks of rehabilitation convinced of the soundness of its principles. Two treaties agreed upon by Finland and the nations against whom she found herself engaged in war, viz. the Peace Treaty signed in Moscow on March t2, 19,0, and the Peace Treaty signed in Paris on February 10, t9,7, govern Finland's position as an independent republic. The Finnish people· see in a faithful and scrupulous fulfilment on their part of the obligations laid down in these documents a guarantee for Finland's future existence and security. By so doing they hope to further also the best interests of all peoples aspiring to a durable Solution of problems left by a devastating war. The working of Finnish del:nocracy and the international position of Finland as defined in the above-mentioned instruments constitute the main theme of this booklet. The articles contained hereinafter are selected from those appearing in the Finland Year Book, t% 7. In publishing them under a separate cover the Publisher hopes to render a service to students seeking information on Finland's political life and present position as a member of the Family of Nations. CONTENTS I Territory, Frontiers and Population, by Helmer Smeds, Ph. D., Professor. at the Swedish School of com- merce at Helsinki ....... ; : ... .. .. •... .. .. .. .. •• .. •.. • .. •.. .9 II The Historical Background of Finnish Democracy, by Arvid Enckell, Ph. D. ·.................................... 16 III The Republic of Finland, Its Political and Administrative Structure, by Ensio Hiitonen, LL.D. ..................... 27 IV The Parliamentary System in Finland, by Sven Lind- man, Ph. D., Professor at Abo Academy ................. : 55 V Damages and Loss of Life caused by the War in 19U-· 1945, by T. V. Viljanen, Colonel .................. :........ 61 VI The Peace Treaties Concluded by Finland in 1940 and 1947, by Urho Toivola, :M. A. .............................. 65 VII Finland's War Reparation Payments, by 'Lauri Kivinen, Chairman of the Delegation for Reparation Industries 73 APPENDICES I Form of Government Act of Finland ........................ 81 II Treaty of Peac~ between The Republic of Finland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1940 ......... 101 III Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Finland, 1941 ........... : ........................ 107 INDEX ..................................................................... 131 TERRITORY, FRONTIERS AND POPULATION OF FINLAND LOCATION, SIZE AND FRONT~ERS Finland is the most northerly independent state in the world. 1'he distance from its southern point to the equator is 6,600 kilo­ metres, from its .most northerly point to the North Pole 2,200 kilometres, or one-third the distance. One-third of Finland's north to south length stretches into the Frigid Zone, beyond the Arctic Circle. Alaska, the Arctic archipelagoes of North America, the southern half of Greenland and north Siberia are in the same latitudes as Finland, sparsely settled or completely uninhabited wildernesses. Finland is part of the great peninsula which penetrates from the vast East European land-masses far into the .ocean, the North Atlantic. Finland's favourable climate is to a very great extent a gift of the Atlantic and the warm, humid currents blowing over the country from the ocean. Even the thousands of lakes, the endless forests and marshlands which temper the winter-cold, are advantage~ ous climatic factors. Finland's general lowland character is also of great importance. This low relief is the most marked difference between Finland and those parts of Sweden and Norway, also to some extent of the Soviet Union, which lie between the same latitq.des. Both climatically and as regards communications this low relief can be described as a definite asset. Of the people who inhabit the areas of Europe between the 60th and 70th parallels more than one-third live in Finland, despite the fact that country covers but one-seventh of the total area between these latitudes. Finland in many respects forms an intermediate country between Scandinavia and East Europe. Its relief is intermediate between the Scandinavian mountains and the East European plains. The flora and fauna show a mixture of both western and eastern elements 9 and even ethnographically this position has left permanent marks on the country. The western and south-western parts have from ancient times been inhabited by a western people, who form one­ tenth of the total population; in the east where, before the recent surrender of territory, small groups of the eastern neighbour's vast race had found a home, a fairly large Greek-Orthodox popula­ tion is to be found. Finland, with its long, narrow shape differs very considerably from the ideal form of a state, the circle. The greatest length, from the Cape of Hanko in 59° (l8' 30" North to the great band of the River Tenojoki in Utsjoki in 70° 5' 30", is 1,160 kilometres. The greatest width, from Virmajli.tvi Lake in the Ilomantsi district ili 31° 35' 20" East to the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia (approximately 21° East), is something like 600 kilometres. The capital, like the economically important southern parts of the country, lie far from the centre. The northern parts of the country are sparsely populated. The two northernmost administrative districts, the provinces of Oulu and Lapland, covering practically half of the country's total area, are inhabited by only one-seventh of the population. Finland's political territory covers an area of 337,113 sq. km, of which 305,5~3 sq. km or 90,6 per cent consists of dry land and 31,570 sq. km or 9,4 per ceri.t of lakes and waterways. The Porkkala district west of the capital, which has been leased to the Soviet Union for fifty years, has an area of 390 sq. km. The· territory surrendered to the Soviet Union on March 12, 1940 and September 19, 1944 totals 46,058 sq. km, composed of parts of the Viipuri and Kuopio provinces (Carelia) 26,915 sq. km. or 58.5 per cent, the Salla district 8,169 sq. km. or 17,; per cent and Petsamo 10,974 sq. km. or 23,8 per cent of the total area surrendered. The length of Finland's land-frontiers is 2,511 kilometres. The frontier with Sweden, which follows the Muonio and Tornio rivers, is 536 kilometres long, that with Norway mainly running along the Teno river and in the west the watershed between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Atlantic, is 729 kilometres and the frontier with the Soviet Union, mainly following the watershed between the White Sea and the Baltic, is 1,246 kilometres long. In the north the eastern frontier cuts at two points, Inari and Kuusamo, provinces with an outlet towards the east, to the Arctic Ocean and the '\Vhite Sea. Further south the frontier diverges from the watershed towards the west, the Repo1a-Porajarvi district. emptying its waters into . 10 he Lake Saimaa-Vuoksi River System, being within the Soviet .Union. The eastern frontier in the south cuts both the natural (Vuoksi River) and the artificial (Saimaa Canal) outlet of the Saimaa-Vuoksi watersystem. The coast-line of the ·Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland totals 1,100 kilometres. In the Aaland Sea and at Bog~ skar the frontier follows the international three-mile limit, a line drawn three nautical miles (5Jt3 km) outside the outer archipelago and protruding points. Everywhere else on the Finnish coast the northern four-mile line (7.2/t km) is considered as the frontier .. POPULATION Despite the fact that Finland is one of the largest countries on this continent, it is in regard to population one of the smallest, haYing at the last cencus December 31, 19/tO, 3,695,617 inhabitants. The estimated population in 19H was 3, 765,500 persons, the civil register in Jan. 1, 191t6, showed 3, 736,510, and the church-registered population, which also includes emigrants, in December 31,1946, was 4,053, 700. With her 3 3/, millions Finland is fourth from the bottom among the European nations. Only Albania, Eire and Norway have a smaller population, the populations of Denmark and Switzerland amounting to something like that of Finland. The density of popul­ ation, 11.1 inhabitantS per square kilometre (12.3 inhabitants per square kilometre of dry land area), is smaller than in any other European state, with the exception of Norway (and Iceland). Finland is thus one of Europe's most· sparsely populated countries, a natural explanation for which is her northern location. The state. · of :Minnesota in the United States has an approximately similar density of population. The distribution of population is uneven, varying greatly from district to district. Owing to climatic and natural geographical factors, the most northerly parts of the country are far more sparsely. populated than the south. The reasons for this uneven distribution of population are not only geographical, but also historical. Finland has been .-;olonized from the south and the west. At the beginning of Modem Age, some four hundred years ago, the backwoods spread far to the south.