AVALON AND MARYLAND: A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SEVENTEENTH­ CENTURY NEW WORLD PROVINCES OF THE LORDS BALTIMORE (1621-1644) by Aaron F. Miller A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fu lfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology Memorial University ofNewfoundland February 2013 St. John' s Newfoundland Abstract The Calverts, a seventeenth-century English family headed by the first and second Lords Baltimore left a remarkable colonial legacy in North America. The Lords Baltimore established not one but two colonies in the 1620s and 1630s, the first becoming the Province of A val on in Newfoundland and the second the Province of Maryland. Avalon and Maryland examines the defining aspects of these two colonial ventures in order to better comprehend the history and archaeology of each as well as the differences in the two works and how the experiences at the first influenced the implementation of the second. The individuals who designed and applied those proposals at the two colonies are key to understanding the decisions made. George Calvert's governmental career and economic pursuits propelled his Newfoundland colony but his evolving settlement goals would change the nature of that work and come to define Maryland. His young heir Cecil took on this design and it would prove to be his life ' s work. The appointed leaders of the two colonies also played a crucial role in the on-the-ground decisions and based on George Calvert' s perceived problems at Newfoundland there was a shift from the leadership of military men to a trusted fami ly member at Maryland. Further analysis of the human aspects of the colonies focuses on their populations. This work examines the population makeup of the two settlements as well as their relationships with the other groups present in each area and its impact on economic and defensive strategies. No other factor had such a powerful effect on settlement as the economic pursuits of the two colonies, predominantly the cod fishery in Newfoundland and tobacco cultivation in Maryland. These and other early commercial ventures projected or implemented in the II colonies are examined in depth. Defense also played an important role in the settlement strategy, more so for the two initial communities and the shape these fortified towns would take. The defensive strategies that were implemented were a response to the different perceived threats at the two locales. In Newfoundland, the threat was hostile European forces and naval-based. In Maryland, the dangers were more complex. There too the possibility of attack by European powers was present but they also faced potential Native American adversaries. In addition to the motives behind the settlement patterns, this examination looks at the proposed designs of the two colonies and the resulting settlement landscape. The first decades of Avalon and Maryland have left significant architectural data in the documentary and archaeological records. The construction strategies and the different structures built during this period are examined. The dwellings of the proprietor or their appointed leaders are also inspected. This dissertation is a broad analysis of the defining aspects of the two Calvert­ sponsored Not1h American settlements: population, economics, defense, settlement, and architecture. This work also reveals the ways in which the Newfoundland colony, specifically its successes and fai lures, informed the strategies implemented in Maryland. Aspects of the designs would differ based on the geography, local resources, economic potential, and so forth but in many ways Newfoundland and Maryland represent a single push by the Calverts to achieve their colonial goals. Ill Acknowledgements This project could not have been undertaken without the guidance and support of many individuals. First I must thank Dr. Barry Gaulton for his unmatched direction and assistance; he truly exemplifies what a supervisor should be. Additionally, I am indebted to my comprehensive exam and dissertation committees comprised of Drs. Mike Deal, Jim Tuck, Jerry Pocius, and Peter Pope as well as the reviewers for helping guide my research questions and writing. Also, I must gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Colony of Avalon Foundation, The Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Archaeology Office, the Institute of Social and Economic Research, and the Department of Archaeology at Memorial University. This project could not have been successful without the assistance of so many archaeologists, historians, and others including K. Stuart Barnable, Dr. Gi llian Cell, Art Clausnitzer, Charlie Conway, Bill Gilbert, Silas Hurry, Brian Keough for his assistance with the mini-excavator, Dr. John Krugler, Dr. James Lyttleton, Dr. Henry Miller, Ruth Mitchell, Dr. Michael Questier, Dr. Tim Riordan, Bly Straube, Donna Teasdale, Wes Willoughby, and Drs. Craig Maynes, Milorad Nikoli c, and Kathryn Simonsen for their translation ofVaughan's Cambrensium Caroleia. For image use and assistance I must thank Jim Tuck at the Colony of Avalon Foundation, Historic St. Mary's City, Maria Day, Christopher J. Kintzel, and the Maryland State Archives, Ruth Bowler and The Walters Art Museum, The Rooms Provincial Archives, Memorial University Map Room, Dr. Jeffrey Brain and Samuel F. Mmming, James M. Perry and the National Park Service, Colonial National Historical Park, Karin Goldstein and Pli moth Plantation, Mrs. S. Wilcockson and The Plymouth IV Atheneum, Gord Carter and the Currency Museum, Bank of Canada, Jeff Korman and the Enoch Pratt Free Library, Joan Ritcey and the Centre for Newfoundland Studies, Deborah O'Rielly and the Newfoundland Historic Trust, Paul Johnson and The National Archives, Kew; and Dr. Garry Wheeler Stone. Finally, and most importantly I must acknowledge the support of my family and friends, specificall y my mother and father Bambi and Dan, Joane and Bernie, and above all, Monique. v Preface To systematize the seventeenth-century quotes, the original documents as well as edited works have been standardized. Tlu·oughout the dissertation, all abbreviations have been expanded and italics removed, when appropriate "v" was changed to "u", "i" to "j ", longs to "s", thorn is changed to "th", and the use of "ff' to denote capitalization is reduced to "'F". VI Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Ill Preface v Table of Contents VI List of Figures XIV Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Methodological, Theoretical, Geographical, Historical, and Archaeological Context 7 2. 1 Theoretical and Methodological Contexts 7 2.1.1 Theory 7 2.1.2 Method 7 2.2 Geographical Contexts 9 2.2.1 Newfoundland 9 2.2.2 Maryland 12 2.3 European Utilization and Settlement Contexts 12 2.3.1 Newfoundland Exploration and Colonization 13 2.3.2 Ferryland and Avalon 16 2.3.3 The Chesapeake 23 2.3.4 St. Mary' s and Maryland 24 2.4 Archaeological Contexts 28 2.4. 1 Ferryland, Newfoundland 28 2.4.2 St. Mary' s City, Maryland 29 V II Chapter 3 The Proprietors 31 3.1 George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore 31 3.1.1 Early Years and Career 31 3.1.2 Reli gion 38 3.1.3 Finances and Colonial Projects 42 3.2 Cecilius Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore 45 3.2.1 Early Years and Career 45 3.2.2 Reli gion 49 3.2.3 Finances and Colonial Projects 50 Chapter 4 Government Agents and Administration 54 4.1 Governors 54 4.1.1 Ferry land and Avalon 54 Captain Edward Wytme 54 Sir Arthur Aston 57 Sir George Calvert 60 4.1.2 St. Mary's and Maryland 60 Leonard Calvert 60 Giles Brent 67 4.2. Other Agents 68 4.2.1 Ferry land and A val on 68 4.2.2 St. Mary's and Maryland 70 Thomas Cornwallis 70 Jerome Hawley 72 John Lewger 73 4.3 Administration of Govenm1ent 74 VIII 4.3.1 Ferryland and Avalon 74 4.3.2 St. Mary' s and Maryland 76 Chapter 5 Populating the Settlements 78 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Promotional Campaigns and Recruitment 78 5.2.1 Ferryland and Avalon 78 5.2.2 St. Mary's and Maryland 81 Other Recruitment Strategies 84 5.3 Peopling the Settlements 86 5.3.1 Ferry land and Avalon 86 5.3.2 St. Mary' s and Maryland 91 5.4 Socioeconomic Status 93 5.4.1 Ferry land and Avalon 94 5.4.2 St. Mary's and Maryland 98 5.5 Religion 104 5.5.1 Ferry land and A val on 105 Protestant Period ( 1621-1 624) 105 Roman Catholic Period ( 1625-1629) 106 Reli gious Tensions 108 5.5.2 St. Mary' s and Maryland 110 Missionary Activities 114 Reli gious Tensions 115 Chapter 6 Population Interactions 123 6.1 Introduction 123 IX 6.2 Ferryland and Avalon 123 6.2.1 The Beothuk 123 6.2.2 The Migratory Fishermen 125 6.2.3 Other English Settlements 128 6.2.4 The Dutch 128 6.2.5 The French 129 6.3 St. Mary's and Maryland 131 6.3.1 The Virginians 132 6.3.2 The English in New England 142 6.3.3 The Dutch 142 6.3.4 The Swedes 144 6.3.5 Native Americans 144 The Piscataway 146 The Susquehannock 150 Chapter 7 Economics 155 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Funding the Ventures and Economic Partnerships 155 7.2.1 Ferryland and Avalon 155 7.2.2 St. Mary's and Maryland 158 7.3 Economic Ventures 160 7.3 .1 Animal Husbandry 160 Ferryland and A val on 161 St. Mary' s and Maryland 162 7.3.2 Mining 165 Ferryland and Avalon 165 X St. Mary's and Maryland 166 7.3.3 Fur Trade 166 Ferryland and Avalon 166 St. Mary' s and Maryland 167 7.3.4 Fisheries 174 Ferry land and A valon 174 St.